intro quiz/review from gr 11 Flashcards
(91 cards)
1
Q
tendons…
A
connect bone to muscle
1
Q
ligament…
A
connect bone to bone
2
Q
where are RBC’s made, and WBC?
A
bone marrow
3
Q
how many bones in the body? more or less for babies?
A
206 bones: more in babies, the bones haven’t fused
4
Q
what are long bones
A
Longer than it is short- long (phalanges)
5
Q
what are flat bones
A
Thin and curved to protect internal organs- flat (scapula, cranium, pelvis)
6
Q
what are short bones
A
As long as they r wide- short (cranium)
7
Q
what are sesamoid bones
A
Formed in embedded within a muscle/tendon near a joint-sesamoid (patella)
8
Q
what are irregular bones
A
Vary in shapes and protect organs-irregular (vertebrae, facial bones)
9
Q
what is the largest bone in the body?
A
femur
10
Q
what is the shortest bone in the body?
A
stapes (ear)
11
Q
importance of the skeletal system
A
· Maintains structure, protection, framework
12
Q
greenstick fracture
A
doesn’t go all the way through the bone, common in children
13
Q
compression fracture
A
type of broken bone that can cause your vertebrae to collapse, making them shorter
14
Q
transverse fracture
A
bone is broken perpendicular to its axis/length
15
Q
linear fracture
A
straight break in the bone, parallel to axis
16
Q
open fracture
A
broken bone pierces through skin
17
Q
spiral fracture
A
bone is broken through a twisting motion
18
Q
how many pairs of ribs
A
12 pairs of ribs
- 7 true: directly attached to sternum
- 3 false: attached to ribs that ARE then attached to the sternum
- 2 floating: not attached to sternum
· Cartilage between bones – aids in movement (example ribs attaching to sternum)
· 12 thoracic vertebrae
19
Q
what in bones aids in movement
A
cartilage, and allows ribs to attach to the sternum
20
Q
number of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae
A
cervical: 7
thoracic: 12
lumbar: 5
21
Q
purpose of the muscular system
A
· Allows for movement, generating force; works with the skeletal system
22
Q
how are muscles rebuilt/how do they grow?
A
grow stronger and bigger after being torn
23
Q
how to treat strains
A
RICE
(rest, ice, compress, elevation)
24
muscle strength is graded from 0-5
(Oxford grading system)
0- no contraction No strength
1- visible muscle contraction without movement
2-movement with gravity eliminated (can move limb on a surface from side to side but can’t be lifted)
3- movement against gravity only (patient can bring arm up but with force can’t keep it up against gravity)
4- movement against gravity with some resistance (unequal strength)
5- movement against gravity with full resistance (normal strength)
25
number of muscles in the body
· 600-800 muscles in the human body – aid in digestion, chewing, facial expressions
26
types of muscles
Smooth – involuntary, found in organs, non-striated
· Cardiac – involuntary, heart, striated
· Skeletal – voluntary, movement, striated
27
-how do muscles work
- what percent of injuries are muskoskeletal
- what is the strongest muscle
- what happens when you flex ur elbow
· Fast twitch and slow twitch
· Sliding filament theory
·
muscles shorten when aiding in movement, and all muscles have an origin and insertion
85%
tongue
biceps contract, triceps relax
slow-twitch: muscles use energy slower
fast-twitch: use energy faster
sliding filament theory: actin sliding past myosin to generate muscle tension
28
twitch
fast and slow twitch
29
what percent of injuries are muskoskeletal?
85%
30
what happens when the elbow is flexed
the biceps contract and your triceps relax
31
what is the strongest muscle
tongue
32
what is the digestive system
System that breaks down food from a non-usable for to a useable form using chemical digestion (enzymes) and mechanical digestion (chewing, stomach churning) to produce energy
33
parts of the digestive system
-Mouth
-teeth
-esophagus
-cardiac sphincter
-stomach
-pyloric sphincter
-duodenum
- jejunum
-ileum
-ascending colon
-transverse colon
-descending colon
-rectum
-anus
-pancreas (maintains blood sugar by secreting insulin and glucagon)
34
what does digestion use
mechanical: physical movement
chemical and mechanical: · Mechanical digestion as well as specific enzymes to break down specific sugars (carbohydrates) eg: lactase breaks down the sugar lactose
35
GERD
occurs when stomach acid repeatedly flows back into the tube connecting your mouth and stomach (esophagus)
36
IBS
changes in bowel movement; a common disorder that affects the stomach and intestines, also called the gastrointestinal tract
37
constipation
Constipation is a condition in which you may have fewer bowel movements
38
diarrhea
stools are loose and watery
39
what happens during fight or flight to your digestive system
During fight or flight mechanism you GI system shuts down
40
what are the macromolecules
(lipids, carbohydrates, protein, nucleic acid) are broken down with true and accessory muscles of digestion
41
Borborygmi
stomach growls which should happen when listening within 3 minutes
42
· Digestion starts in the mouth
salivary amylase
43
what are the stages of digestion
ingestion, digestion, absorption and elimination
44
the abdomen can be checked, by percussion, for
· Abdomen can be percussed (dull for organs and feces, resonant (echo) for areas of gas)
45
inhalation
· During inhalation the air passes through the nasal cavity
46
where does gas exchange occur
· Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli (oxygen in, carbon dioxide out); extensive surface area when adding up all the alveoli
47
where does air go down
trachea; which is lined with cilia that protect the system from foreign debris
48
reflexes to clean the body of debris
· Sneezing, coughing are reflexes to help rid the body of debris
49
parts of the respiratory system
· Lungs (right lung is larger), alveoli, bronchi, nasal cavity, bronchioles, trachea, mouth, epiglottis, capillaries
50
asthma
airways narrow and swell
51
COPD
a condition involving constriction of the airways and difficulty or discomfort in breathing.
52
CF
cystic fibrosis: genetic, mucus In the lungs
53
Bronchitis
a chronic lung condition with abnormal widening and scarring of the airways
54
emphysema
gradual damage of lung tissue, specifically the destruction of the alveoli
55
what is an involuntary system
one that occurs on its own, such as breathing in the respiratory system
56
· Respiratory cycle
(inspiration – lungs expand, volume increases, pressure decreases); (exhalation – lungs recoil, diaphragm moves up decreasing volume and increasing pressure)
57
· Divided into 2 tracts
– upper respiratory tract and the lower respiratory tract
58
how can lung sounds be tested?
tethoscope can listen to abnormal lung sounds - wheezes
59
what is the cardiovascular system
· Transportation system in the human body which transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones and waste
60
function of the heart
· Heart pumps out blood that contains oxygen, platelets, WBC that are essential for bodily functions
61
homeostasis with the systems:
· Works hand in hand with other systems (digestive, respiratory) in order to maintain homeostasis
62
blood vessel types
· Blood vessels include –
veins (thinner, valves, return blood back to heart),
arteries (thicker, muscular, blood away from heart);
capillaries (1 cell thick, gas exchange)
63
where are the main places to check for pulse
· Pulses can be checked in the femoral (thigh), radial (wrist), carotid (neck)
64
what are the chambers of the heart separated by
· 4 chambers of the heart (atria, ventricles); chambers separated by the septum
65
· Diseases – heart attack (myocardial infarction); hole in the heart (atrial septal defect), murmur, pacemakers
heart attack: myocardial infarction, blockage in the flow of blood
atrial septal defect: hole in the septum
murmur: extra noises caused by improper blood flow in the heart
pacemakers: generate electrical activity to one of the chambers of heart
66
what is a stroke
· Stroke is plaque formation in blood vessels in the brain
67
· Tests – EKG, CBC, balloon angioplasty
EKG: electrocardiogram, check electrical activity
CBC: complete blood count: counts rbc, WBC, and platelets
balloon angioplasty: surgical widening of a blocked or narrowed blood vessel, especially a coronary artery, by means of a balloon catheter.
68
which arteries supply blood to the heart
· Coronary arteries supply blood to the heart
69
3 types of circulation
– pulmonary, systemic and coronary (cardiac)
70
types of Blood cells
platelets – clotting,
leukocytes – fighting infection, erythrocytes – carry oxygen
71
12 pairs of cranial nerves
(olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trigeminal, trochlear, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharangeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal)
72
CNS vs PNS
CNS – brain and spinal cord
PNS – somatic (voluntary), autonomic (involuntary) - parasympathetic and sympathetic NS - fight or flight, rest or digest, neurons, glial cells
73
function of NS
System that delivers messages within the body in order to allow the body to function (sensation, movement, vision, digestion, breathing) and also receives information from outside the body via your senses
74
deep tendon reflexes
· DTR – fast reflex in the body
75
Lobes of the body – frontal, temporal, occipital, parietal
frontal: voluntary movement, expressive language
temporal: auditory
occipital: visual perception
parietal: sense of touch
76
Tests for the Nervous system
coordination test, walking heel to toe
77
what is Alzheimers
the most common type of dementia. It is a progressive disease beginning with mild memory loss
78
function of integumentary system and components
· Regulate body temperature, protective barrier
- hair, skin, nails
79
importance of evaluating integumentary system
· Evaluating the hair, skin and nails can be helpful with determining health
80
ABCDE of moles
(a)symmetry, border, colour, diameter, elevated / evolving
81
what is the largest organ of the body
skin
82
layers of the skin
epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
83
function of melanin
gives the skin colour
84
function of skin turgor
test for dehydration; age changes on collagen
85
why study skin?
· Professionals study the skin as it can be very helpful with underlying health
86
what is the importance of skin/integumentary system
· Absorption, secretion, protective barrier, temperature regulation, prevents dehydration
87
types of burns
Burns – degrees; 1st – scarring, redness;
2nd –blisters;
3rd –deeper tissue, damage to nerves
88
Factors for examining
– colour (jaundice – liver damage, pallor, cyanosis, melanin), papules, macules, texture, temperature
- COLOUR, PAPULES, MACULES, TEXTURE, TEMPERATURE
89
Disease – vitiligo, melanoma, albinism
vitiligo: a chronic (long-lasting) autoimmune disorder that causes patches of skin to lose pigment or color
melanoma: a kind of skin cancer that starts in the melanocytes.
albinism: an inherited condition that leads to someone having very light skin, hair, and eyes
90
Histologically
epithelial tissue: squamous, columnar
