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Pharm 111 FINAL > Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Blood Vessels Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

Define anastomoses. Examples of common locations

A

Where arteries serving the same organ interconnect and unite
- for redundancy, incase one gets blocked
Ex
- joints
- Abdominal organs
- Heart
- Brain (circle of willis)

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2
Q

What are the 3 layers of arteries & veins. What is the difference of arteries vs veins in the first layer?

A
  1. Tunica intima
    arteries: elastic membrane
    Veins: valves (prevent back flow)
  2. Tunica media
  3. Tunica externa
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3
Q

What is the tunica intima layer of arteries and veins? differentiate the texture between them

A
  • endothelium: simple squamous
    -arteries: rippled shape due to vasoconstriction
    - veins: smooth
  • connective tissue
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4
Q

What is the tunica media layer of arteries and veins?

A
  • smooth muscle layer
    (SNS vasomotor for vasoconstriction/dilation)
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5
Q

What is the tunica externa layer of arteries and veins? what do veins also have?

A

collagen, elastic fibers
Veins also have smooth muscle

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6
Q

What are the 3 structural types of Capillaries from least permeable to most permeable CFS

A
  1. Continuous capillaries
  2. Fenestrated capillaries
  3. Sinusoidal capilalries
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7
Q

What do continuous capillaries contain?

A
  • tight junctions to prevent diffusion
  • LEAST permeable (small solutes/fluids)
    (NOT IN BRAIN)
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8
Q

What do fenestrated capillaries contain?

A
  • fenestrations: increase permeability
    Location:
  • areas of absorption (GI), endocrine hormone secretion, areas of active filtration
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9
Q

What do sinusoid capillaries contain?

A
  • Large intercellular clefts & fenestrations
  • few tight junctions
  • only one with incomplete basement membrane
  • allow large molecules (even cells) to pass
    Location:
  • liver, spleen, bone marrow, adrenal medulla
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10
Q

What are the 2 types of vessels capillary beds have? Explain

A

Vascular shunt:
- like a highway from artery to vein
- travel from terminal arteriole to postcapillary vein

True capillaries
- like sideroads from a vascular shunt
- 10-100 exchanges per capillary bed

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11
Q

How do PREcapillary sphincters control blood flow through capillary beds?

A

Sphincters open: blood flows through vascular shunt + true capillaries

Sphincters closed: blood flows through vascular shunt only

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12
Q

Where is the most and least blood volume contained in the cardiovascular system

A

Most: systemic veins and venules
Least: Heart

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13
Q

What is the big picture of blood movement?

A
  • 20L leaves from arterioles –> capillaries
  • 3L removed from interstitial space by lymphatic system
  • remaining 17L reabsorbed by venous capillaries
    (most fluid reabsorbed at venous end)
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14
Q

Differentiate between hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure

A

Hydrostatic:
PUSHING FORCE
- due to physical pressure
- blood vessels: due to BP

Osmotic:
PULLING FORCE
- due to nondiffusible solutes
- blood vessels: due to plasma proteins

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15
Q

Explain the 2 pressures associated with hydrostatic pressure HP

A
  1. Capillary Hydrostatic pressure HPc
    - pushes blood OUT of capillary walls
    - pressure greater at arterial end
  2. Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure HPif
    - pushes blood INTO capillaries
    - usually 0 if lymphatics are working
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16
Q

Explain the 2 pressures associated with osmotic pressure OP

A
  1. Capillary colloid osmotic pressure (oncotic) OPc
    - pulls blood INTO capillary walls
  2. Interstital fluid osmotic pressure OPif
    - pulls blood OUT of capillary
    - low due to protein content
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17
Q

What is the equation for net filtration.

A

outward pressure - inward pressure
(HPc + OPif) - (HPif + OPc)

occurs at arteriolar end

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18
Q

Explain the Net filtration pressure at the ARTERIOLAR end of capillary. What is the final result?

A

HPc = 35 mm Hg
OPc = 26 mm Hg

HPif= 0
OPif = 1

(35 + 1)- (0 + 26)
NFP = +10 mm Hg

Result: Fluid moves from capillary INTO interstitial space

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19
Q

Explain the Net filtration pressure at the VENOUS end of capillary. What is the final result?

A

(HPc + OPif) - (HPif + OPc)

(17 + 1) - (0 + 26)
NFP = - 8 mm Hg

Result: REABSORPTION + fluid moves from interstitial space INTO capillary

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20
Q

Which is more common? local resistance or systemic resistance change

A

Local resistance

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21
Q

What are the 3 sources of resistance?

A
  1. blood vessel diameter
    - (easily modifiable)
    - vasoconstriction & vasodilation
  2. Total blood vessel length (dangerous to change)
  3. Blood viscosity (dangerous to change)
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22
Q

What is the relationship between blood Flow, Pressure, Resistance?

A

F = delta P / R

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23
Q

What is the relationship between blood flow velocity and total cross-sectional area.

Study These Flashcards
A

INVERSE
1. vessel diameter get smaller as you move from aorta to capillary BUT when you add up total cross-sectional area of the diverging blood vessels it is much higher than 1 aorta

  1. Blood moves slower as individual veins become narrower
    - as vessels converge again (into veins), blood pick up speed. BUT NEVER to the same speed as the aorta
24
Q

What are the 2 factors of arteries close to heart:

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Elasticity (compliance/distensibility)
  2. Volume of blood forced into them at any time (cardiac output)
25
What does systolic pressure indicate?
Peak pressure during ventricular contraction
26
What does diastolic pressure indicate?
lowest level pressure of arterial pressure
27
What does pulse pressure indicate?
Difference between systolic & diastolic pressure
28
What does the Mean arterial pressure indicate? Why
Diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure Heart spends 1/3 of the time contracting (systolic) & 2/3 of the time relaxing (diastolic)
29
Explain venous blood pressure. high/low
low pressure system - due to cumulative affects of peripheral resistance - it is why we draw blood out from veins
30
Where do we measure BP from? arteries/veins why?
From arteries, blood flows faster
31
What are the 3 factors that help venous return
1. Respiratory pump - inhalation ↑ thoracic volume (lower pressure) + decrease abdominal volume --> pressure changes draws blood up from abdomen to thorax (high - low pressure) 2. Vasoconstriction: SNS control of veins 3. Muscular pump: contraction of muscles helps pump blood, sitting for too long makes blood pool
32
How do each of the following help with maintaining blood pressure Heart Blood vessels Kidneys Brain
Heart: cardiac output Blood vessels: peripheral resistance Kidneys: blood volume Brain: supervision/control
33
Describe short-term control of blood pressure type of control type of fluctuations in BP Role?
- neural & hormonal control - Fluctuations by altering peripheral resistance & cardiac output 2 Goals: 1. maintain adequate MAP by altering blood vessel diameter 2. Alter blood distribution in response to specific demands (immediate needs of organs/tissues)
34
Describe long-term control of blood pressure type of control type of fluctuations in BP Role?
- Renal control - Fluctuations by altering blood volume
35
What are the 2 ways kidneys regulate arterial BP through?
1. Direct renal mechanism (no hormones) 2. Indirect renal mechanism (hormones)
36
What is the only short-term hormonal control that causes vasodilation and decrease BV & BP
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
37
Explain the direct renal mechanism if BP decreases
1. decrease filtration by kidneys 2. decrease urine formation 3. increase BV 4. increase MAP - decrease urine to inc BP
38
Explain the steps of indirect mechanism to get to angiotensin II if BP decreases
1. Inhibits baroreceptors 2. increase SNS 3. Increases Renin release 4. Renin helps convert angiotensinogen (from liver) to angiotensin I 5. ACE helps convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II
39
How does Angiotensin II work in indirect mechanism if BP decreases (4) TO INCREASE BP
1. Act on adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone to ↑ Na+ then H2O reabsorption by kidneys to ↑ BV 2. ADH release by pituitary gland ↑ H2O reabsorption by kidneys to ↑ BV 3. ↑ thirst via hypothalamus to ↑ water intake to ↑ BV ** GOAL IS TO REABSORB WATER 4. Causes vasoconstriction; ↑ peripheral resistance
40
What is cardiac output altered by? (2)
- stroke volume - Heart rate
41
What is peripheral resistance altered by? (3)
1. Diameter of blood vessels 2. Blood viscosity 3. Blood vessel length
42
When measuring BP, when you inflate cuff to stop arterial flow then release for korotkoff sounds, what pressure does it tell you?
Systolic
43
What pressure are you looking for when you listen to when the korokoff sounds stop
diastolic pressure
44
With age, what happens to systolic and diastolic pressure
Systolic: increases Diastolic: decreases
45
What is blood flow (tissue perfusion) involved in? (4)
- delivery of O2 & nutrients to & removal of wastes from tissue cells - Gas exchange in lungs - Absorption of nutrients - Urine formation
46
What are the 3 types of autoregulation
1. Metabolic = chemical 2. Myogenic = physical 3. Long-term (weeks/month) = ↑ size/#blood vessels
47
In metabolic controls, Explain what does vasodilation occurs in response to? What effect does it have
In response to: - decrease O2 (tissue), ↑ CO2, H+ and metabolic factors (bring blood in to flow out waste) - inflammatory checmicals (histamine, kinins & prostaglandins) Effects: - relaxation of vascular smooth muscle - release of nitric oxide (NO) from vascular endothelial cells
48
In metabolic controls, Explain what does vasoconstriction occur in response to?
due to SNS stimulation & endothelins
49
In myogenic controls, Explain what the effect of passive stretch does
Passive stretch - Promotes vasoconstriction to help resist stretch, prevent bursting & ↑ resistance
50
In myogenic controls, Explain what the effect of decease stretch does
- vasodilation & ↑ Blood volume
51
What is the role of myogenic control?
Their responses of vascular smooth muscle keep tissue perfusion constant despite most fluctuations in systemic pressure
52
Explain blood flow in skeletal muscles at rest and during muscle activity
Rest - myogenic (stretch) & general neural mechanisms predominate During muscle activity - increase blood flow in direct proportion to METABOLIC activity - local controls override sympathetic vasoconstriction
53
Explain the metabolic controls (as usual) in brain blood flow.
Acidosis - dec pH & inc CO2 causes vasodilation
54
Explain the myogenic controls in brain blood flow for dec MAP and inc MAP (OPPOSITE FOR CEREBRAL VESSELS)
Decreased MAP - whole body constricts to increase BP - however brain vessels will dilate to maintain flow Increased MAP - whole body will dilate to decrease BP - however brain vessels will constrict to maintain flow
55
What occurs in blood flow to skin during high and low in temperature
High temperature - blood sent to the skin to help with heat dissipation Low temperature - blood is shunted deeper from skin for more vital organs
56
Explain auto regulatory blood flow in lungs. low O2 vs. high O2 OPPOSITE FOR TISSUES
OPPOSITE OF TISSUES Low O2 - constrict, don't send blood to sections of lung without O2 High O2 - dilate, send blood to sections of lung with a lot of O2
57
Differentiate between superficial veins and deep veins location Paired with an artery? Role
Superficial location: outside of muscles in subcutaneous tissue Paired with an artery? No Role: thermoregulation Deep veins location: inside of muscles/ along bones Paired with an artery? Yes Role: drain organs/tissues

Pharm 111 FINAL (7 decks)

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