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Pharm 111 FINAL > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

What does the pelvic diaphragm consist of?

A

Levator ani + Coccygeus

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2
Q

What are the 2 pelvic joints

A
  1. Pubic symphysis
  2. Sacroiliac joints
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3
Q

What is the role of the male accessory organs
Ductus deferens
Seminal glands
Prostate gland
Urethra
Epididymis
Testes

A

Ductus deferens
- conducts sperm

Seminal glands
- secrete fluid that makes up most of semen

Prostate gland
- secrete fluid & enzymes

Urethra
- conducts semen to exterior

Epididymis
- site of sperm maturation

Testes
- produce sperm & hormones

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4
Q

What is the role of the cremaster muscle? Dartos muscle?

A
  1. Raises/depresses testicles depending on temperature
  2. Contracts skin to conserve heat (wrinkled, shriveled)
    - relaxes skin to get rid of heat (smooth)
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5
Q

Role of seminiferous tubules

A

in testes, site of sperm production

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6
Q

What are the 2 tunics that surround the testes?

A

Tunica vaginalis
- derived from peritoneum
- both visceral and parietal layers
- give space for testes to move in scrotum

Tunica albuginea
- gives white appearance to testicles

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7
Q

What is the role of myoid cells?

A

Rhythmic contractions help squeeze sperm through tubules & out of testes
- when sperm don’t swim well yet

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8
Q

What is the role of leydig cells?

A

Produce androgens (mostly testosterone)

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9
Q

What is the sperm pathway including duct system

A
  1. Seminiferous
  2. Straight tubule
  3. Rete Testis
  4. Efferent Ductules
  5. Epididymis
  6. Vas deferens to (seminal vesicle)
  7. Ejaculatory duct
  8. Urethra
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10
Q

What is the function of epididymis? How long does it take for sperm to go from head to tail?

A

Swimming lessons
- takes 20 days to travel from head to tail

Sperm is stored there until ejaculation
- testes DO NOT ejaculate

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11
Q

What are the 3 regions of urethra?

A
  1. Prostatic urethra
  2. Membranous urethra (through urogenital diaphragm)
  3. Spongy urethra (through corpus spongiosum)
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12
Q

What are in the root of the penis? What muscle is surrounded in? (2)

A

Bulb
- bulbospongiosus muscle

Cura
- Ischiocavernosus muscle

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13
Q

What is the foreskin of the penis called?

A

Prepuce

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14
Q

Role of corpus spongiosum (hot dog)

A

Maintains opening of urethra during erection

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15
Q

Role of seminal vesicles

A
  • produce 70% of semen volume
  • Add energy source to semen
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16
Q

What is the coagulating enzyme that allows semen to stick once it enters vagina

A

Vesiculase

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17
Q

What plays a role in fertility/infertility in prostate? What is the nutrient source

A

Zinc
Citrate

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18
Q

What is the role of bulbourethral glands (cowper’s glands)?

A

Precum
- lubricates glans penis
- Neutralizes traces of acidic urine in urethra

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19
Q

What exapnds and compresses drainage veins & maintains engorgement

A

corpora cavernosa

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20
Q

What are the products of meiosis?

A

4 genetically different haploid daughter cells

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21
Q

What sperm name forms in:
Mitosis
Meiosis
Spermiogenesis

A

Mitosis: spermatogonia –> spermatocytes
Meiosis: spermatocytes –> spermatids
Spermiogenesis: spermatids –> spermatozoa (sperm)

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22
Q

What does the head and midpiece of sperm contain?

A

Head
- contain DNA & helmet like acrosome (enable sperm to penetrate egg)

Midpiece
- contain mitochondria for energy

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23
Q

What do mitotic type A and Type B daughter cells do?

A

Type A
- stays at basal lamina
- continues mitosis

Type B
- migrates to seminiferous tubule
- Continues to meiosis I and II

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24
Q

What is the role of sustentacular cells?

A

Why have blood-testis barrier (to separate basal and adluminal compartment, prevent blood flow to adluminal compartment)?
* Meiosis (crossover, cells are not like self) occurs in adluminal compartment
Blood-testis barrier: Prevents blood from reaching here and attacking “foreign” cells

  • make androgen binding protein
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25
What does GnRH do?
Cause FSH and LH release
26
What does FSH do? What decreases it?
Indirectly stimulates spermatogenesis by causing sustenocytes to release Androgen-binding protein, which keeps testosterones level high (in seminiferous tubules to form sperm) - inhibin stops this
27
What does LH do?
Causes leydig cells to secrete testosterone (binds to ABP to stay in testes)
28
Why is there a spike of testosterone at birth?
Due to the removal of estrogen and progesterone after birth
29
What is the site of milk production?
Lobule
30
What is considered a "natural bra" to support breasts?
Sensory ligaments
31
What cells help w/ injection of breast milk?
Myoepithelial cells
32
Why does areola darken in pregnancy?
To make it easier for infant to see nipple
33
What is the role of the greater vestibular gland (bartholin's gland)
Release mucus into vestibule for lubrication
34
What are the 3 layers of the vaginal wall? outer to inner
1. Strat. squamous mucosa w/ rugae - release glycogen (resident bacteria metabolize to lactic acid) 2. Smooth muscle muscularis 3. Fibroelastic adventitia
35
What do cervical glands do?
Secrete mucus that blocks sperm entry except during mid cycle
36
What are the 3 layers of the uterine wall
1. Perimetrium: visceral/ broad ligament of uterus 2. Myometrium: thickest layer to expel a baby 3. Endometrium: builds up and sheds every period
37
Explain the 3 phases of the uterine cycle. What days in the cycle does it occur
Menses: Day 1-5 - functional zone of endometrium is shed Proliferative phase: Day 6-14 - functional zone is built up again Secretory phase: Days 15-28 - creates environment to promote fertilization (progesterone & estrogen) - If no fertilization, functional zone is shed, start cycle over
38
Do the uterine tubes have contact with ovaries?
No contact - duct system is not physically attached to ovaries (unlike male system)
39
Where is the usual site of fertilization?
Ampulla
40
What is the role of the fimbriae?
Create currents to move oocyte into uterine tube
41
Which pouch is the common place for puss accumulation?
Vesicouterine pouch
42
What surrounds the ovaries that also surrounds the testes in males?
Tunica albuginea
43
What do the cortex and medulla contain in the histology of the ovaries?
Cortex - ovarian follicles Medulla - blood vessels and nerves
44
What is a follicle? What is it surrounded by?
Follicle: immature egg (oocyte) Surrounded - Follicle cells (1 cell layer) - Granulosa cells (1+ cell layers)
45
When does mitosis happen in females?
In fetus (before birth)
46
What stage in meiosis does the secondary oocyte wait in and continue if ovulated?
Meiosis II
47
Number of oocytes at fetus, birth, puberty
7 million 1 million 300,000 oocytes
48
How many sperm cells are there in a single ejaculation?
40-750 million
49
What are the 2 phases in the ovarian cycle? When does ovulation occur?
Follicular phase Day 1-14 (varies) Luteal phase Day 14-28 - always 14 days - ovulation occurs 2 weeks before first day
50
What phase is the primordial follicle in?
Prophase I
51
What are granulosa cells important for in the follicle?
hormone production
52
Which type of follicle does fluid begin to accumulate between granulosa cells
secondary follicle
53
What occurs in ovulation?
Ovary wall ruptures and expels secondary oocyte with its corona radiata
54
What forms the corpus luteum in the luteal phase? What does the corpus luteum secrete?
Ruptured follicle collapses Granulosa cells + internal thecal cells = corpus luteam Secretes progesterone & estrogen
55
What happens to the corpus luteum if no pregnancy occurs? if pregnancy?
No pregnancy - corpus luteum degenerates into a corpus albicans in 10 days (4 days before menses starts) Yes pregnancy - corpus luteum keeps producing hormones until placenta takes over at 3 months
56
What inhibits the hypothalamic release of GnRH in childhood for a female?
Estrogen
57
High or low level in menstrual phase?
Low
58
What hormones are high in proliferative phase?
Estrogen LH + FSH spike = ovulation
59
What hormones spike in the secretory phase? What is formed
Progesterone levels LH + FSH begins to lower Formed - cervical mucus plug
60
Difference between orgasms in male and female
Males have refractory period
61
When does the enlargement of testes and pigmentation of scrotal sac occur?
Stage II 10-15
62
When does breast budding occur?
Stage II 8-15
63
Are there eggs in menarche?
No eggs until 1 year - anovulatory
64
What does the gubernaculum do?
Pull testes from abdomen to scrotum

Pharm 111 FINAL (7 decks)

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