Blood Vessels and Arteries

Question 1

Describe the composition of the following layers:
tunica intima
tunica media
tunica externa

Answer 1

tunica intima - inner lining of blood vessel
- SS ET + loose irregular CT
- serous membrane

tunica media - smooth muscle
- orientation and # different between vein and artery
- can contain sheets of elastic fibers
- innervated by sympathetic NS - autonomic

tunica externa - outer layer made completely of CT
- large vessel - dense irregular
- small vessel - loose irregular

Question 2

What are the different arteries in order from proximal to distal?

Answer 2

elastic arteries - aorta and pulmonary trunk
- conducting arteries
- many sheets of elastic fibers

muscular (distributing) arteries - goes to organs
- corrugated internal elastic lamina - allows for some stretching
- external elastic lamina
- smaller in diameter

arterioles: 1-2 layers of smooth muscle
- most numerous vessel that has smooth muscle
- regulate distribution of flow to the cap beds

capillaries - thinnest wall for diffusion and filtration

Question 3

What vessel is in charge of regulating temperature and BP? Why?

Answer 3

arterioles - smallest blood vessel that contains smooth muscle
- better at changing resistance due to increase surface area and smooth muscle

Question 4

What are the three types of capillary walls?

Answer 4

continuous - epithelial cells do not have pores, continuous basement membrane
- found in fat, muscle, nervous system (brain)
- RBC single file - increased O2 exchange

fenestrated - filtration - pores in epithelium, continuous basement membrane
- does not allow RBC to cross
- AA, proteins, ions and H2O can cross
- kidneys, endocrine glands, small intestine

sinusoid - large fenestra, incomplete basement membrane
- liver, bone marrow, lymph nodes/spleen

Question 5

Describe metarterioles and their function. What are pre capillary sphincters and their function?

Answer 5

contain some smooth muscle
- constrict if O2 is needed somewhere else, will dilate where O2 is needed

pre capillary sphincters: dilate to let more flow through capillary bed

opposite in the lungs - directs blood to region of high O2

Question 6

What is diapedesis and where will it occur?

Answer 6

diapedesis - WBC leaving via gaps between SS epithelium

occurs in the post-capillary venules

Question 7

What structure do veins have the arteries don’t? How does their pressure compare to arteries?

Answer 7

veins have valves
- gravity can cause blood to stagnate into lower limbs
- contracted skeletal muscle + valves help blood move in one direction

under lower pressure than arteries - same volume

Question 8

Describe how varicose veins form and the available treatments

Answer 8

developed due to increased pressure of the veins and failure of the valves

tx: surgery, chemical ablation, laser
- no blood flow = no visible vein
- can help prevent with compression stockings

Question 9

What is the first vessel to branch off the aorta?

Answer 9

R and L coronary arteries

Question 10

What side is the brachiocephalic trunk on? What does it branch off into?

Answer 10

R side of ascending aorta only
gives rise to subclavian and common carotid artery

L side of aortic arch has branches of common carotid and subclavian

Question 11

What does the external carotid branch into? What do these vessels supply?

Answer 11

superficial thyroid - thyroid
lingual - tongue
facial - muscles and skin of face
occipital - scalp of posterior head
superficial temporal - temporal scalp
maxillary - chewing muscles
middle meningeal - dura matter

Question 12

Describe how you get from the heart to the dura matter

Answer 12

ascending aorta - arch or the aorta - brachiocephalic trunk - common carotid - external carotid - maxillary artery - middle meningeal artery

Question 13

Where does the internal carotid canal go?

Answer 13

through carotid canal to get into brain
- join a circuit with the vertebral arteries via posterior communicating arteries

Question 14

Where do the vertebral arteries pass through and where to they go? What do they supply?

Answer 14

pass through vertebral canal
- pass through foramen magnum to form circuit with internal carotid arteries via posterior communicating arteries

supplies the medulla - sudden death if blocked bc medulla is respiration center

Question 15

What do the anterior cerebral arteries supply and how are they connected?

Answer 15

supplies the thalamus, hypothalamus, medial surface
- connected via anterior communicating artery

Question 16

What do the middle cerebral branches supply and where do they come from?

Answer 16

largest blood supply of brain
supply cerebral, temporal and frontal lobes
- lateral aspect of frontal and parietal lobe

derives from the internal carotid artery

Question 17

What does the posterior cerebral artery supply?

Answer 17

cerebellum and occipital lobe

Question 18

What does the basilar artery supply and what is it composed of?

Answer 18

supplies the pons
composed of the fusion of the vertebral arteries

Question 19

What does PICA stand for and where do they branch off of?

Answer 19

posterior inferior cerebellar artery
- branches off of vertebral artery

Question 20

What is the thyrocervical trunk? What does it come off of? What does it branch into?

Answer 20

branches off of subclavian

becomes:
suprascapular artery - scapula, lateral neck muscles
inferior thyroid artery - thyroid

Question 21

What are the branches off of the subclavian?

Answer 21

vertebral, thyrocervical, and internal thoracic artery

Question 22

What does the brachial artery branch off to? What do those turn into?

Answer 22

radial and ulnar artery

radial turns into deep parlor arch

ulnar turns into superficial ulnar arch
- then becomes digital arteries

Question 23

Where do the bronchial arteries branch off of? What do they supply?

Answer 23

directly off the thoracic aorta
- supplies the smooth muscle, cartilage, and epithelium of lungs

Question 24

What do the internal thoracic arteries branch off of? and does it become?

Answer 24

comes off of subclavian

branches into anterior intercostals

Question 25

Where do the posterior intercostals branch off of?

Answer 25

branches directly off of thoracic aorta
- joins the anterior intercostal arteries laterally

Question 26

What are the arteries that supply the adrenal glands and where do they come from?

Answer 26

superior adrenal artery - off of inferior phrenic artery

middle adrenal artery - off to the aorta

inferior adrenal artery - off of the renal artery

Question 27

Where does the celiac trunk originate from and what does it branch into?

Answer 27

branches off of abdominal aorta

becomes the
hepatic artery
L gastric (stomach)
spleenic artery

Question 28

What does the superior mesenteric artery supply? What does it branch off of?

Answer 28

small intestine, ascending and transverse colon, appendix

branches off of abdominal aorta

Question 29

What does the inferior mesenteric artery branch off of and what does it become?

Answer 29

branches off of abdominal aorta

becomes:
superior rectal artery - supplies top of rectum
L colic artery - supplies the colon

Question 30

Where does the inferior phrenic, posterior lumbar, and R/L gonadal arteries branch off of?

Answer 30

abdominal aorta

Question 31

What are the bottom branches of the abdominal aorta?

Answer 31

common iliac and median sacral artery

Question 32

What are the branches of the internal iliac?

Answer 32

obturator artery - supplies hip joints
middle rectum - middle rectum
internal pudental - becomes penile/clitoral artery
- inferior rectal branches off of internal pudental

Don’t need to know structure, just know they come off of internal iliac:
superior vesicular artery - bladder
uterine/vaginal arteries
umbilical artery

Question 33

Where does the external iliac become the femoral artery? Where does the femoral artery become the popliteal artery?

Answer 33

inguinal ligament

adductor magnus muscle

Question 34

Where does the subclavian become the axillary? Where does the axillary become the brachial?

Answer 34

inferior lateral border of clavicle

inferior border of teres major

Question 35

What does the posterior branch of the internal iliac supply?

Answer 35

goes through greater sciatic notch to supply gluteal muscles

Question 36

What arteries come off of the popliteal artery? When does it end?

Answer 36

genicular arteries branch off of popliteal

popliteal artery ends when it branches into the posterior and anterior tibial

Question 37

What branches off of the femoral artery and what does it supply?

Answer 37

deep femoral artery
- supplies medial and posterior thigh

Question 38

What is the doralis pedis and what is is a part of?

Answer 38

main artery on top of foot
- continuation of the anterior tibial artery

contains the arcuate artery - loop of the dorsalis pedis that gives rise to metatarsals