blood vessels and heart

Question 1

what is the vessels that pass through the body in order?

Answer 1

Elastic artery –> muscular artery —> arterioles —> capillaries —-> venules —> veins

Question 2

what are the 3 layers of blood vessel that is not capillary?

Answer 2

tunica intima ( interna )

tunica media

Tunica externa

Question 3

which arteries are close to the heart?

Answer 3

elastic arteries

Question 4

which arteries are close to the peripheral tissue?

Answer 4

muscular

Question 5

which layer is thicker in arteries?

Answer 5

media

Question 6

which layer is thicker in veins?

Answer 6

adventitia

Question 7

what are the component of tunica intima/intenra ?

Answer 7

endothelial lining with basement membrane

subendothelial layer ( loose CT rich in elastic fibers )

Internal elastic lamina ( FENESTRATED MEMBRANOUS BAND OF ELASTIC FACTORS ) and its the end of tunica intima + its not continuous

Question 8

what are the component of tunica media?

Answer 8

elastic fibers or smooth muscles depending on the type of artery

External elastic lamina –> end of tunica media

Question 9

what are the component of tunic adventitia ?

Answer 9

connective tissue, vaso vasorum and autonomic nerves ( nervivasorum )

Question 10

describe elastic/large arteries?

Answer 10

rich in elastic fibers , expand and recoil for systole and diastole

diameter is larger than 10 mm are typically elastic

Question 11

describe from muscular/ medium arteries ?

Answer 11

rich in smooth muscles
5-40 layers of smooth muscles
diameter is 0.1 mm to 10 mm

Question 12

describe arterioles and small arteries?

Answer 12

smallest branches consisting of 1-5 layers of smooth muscle fibers

diameter below 0.1 mm

Question 13

whats the component tunica intima of elastic arteries?

Answer 13

1- endothelium on the basement membrane

2- subendothelial layer mainly elastic fibers

3- myointimal/neointima cells –> stem cells

4- NONE CLEAR INTERNAL ELASTIC LAMINA

Question 14

whats the component of tunica media of elastic arteries ?

Answer 14

predominantly elastic fibers and little smooth muscles

2/3 of thickness of the artery

External elastic lamina

Question 15

whats the component of tunica adventitia of elastic arteries?

Answer 15

thin layer of collagen fibers and vasa vasorum

Question 16

whats atheroma?

Answer 16

atheroma is formation of fibrofatty plaques by deposition of fat and collagen in tunica media

Question 17

whats arteriosclerosis?

Answer 17

calcification/stiffness of tunica media

Question 18

whats atherosclerosis ?

Answer 18

atheroma + arteriosclerosis

Question 19

whats aneurysm?

Answer 19

wall lose elasticity and its stretched and blood bulge

Question 20

what are the characterstitcs of muscular artery?

Answer 20

tunica intima is prominent internal elastic lamina

tunica media is 5-40 layers of smooth muscles and prominent of EXTERNAL elastic lamina

Tunica adventitia collagen fibrous and vasa vasorum

Question 21

what are the characterstitcs of arterioles?

Answer 21

Tunica intima : very thin consisting of endothelium , INTERNAL ELASTIC LAMINA USUALLY PRESENT EXCEPT IN SMALLER ARTERIOLES

tunica media : 1-5 layers of smooth muscle and some elastic fibers

Tunica adventitia : thin longitudinally arranged collagen and elastic fibers

Question 22

whats the basic structure of capillaries ?

Answer 22

endothelium held together by tight junctions and basement membrane above it

Question 23

whats between the endothelium and basement membrane ?

Answer 23

pericytes ?

Question 24

what are the types of capillary vessels?

Answer 24

continuous

fenestrated

sinusoids/discontinuous

Question 25

describe continuous ?

Answer 25

thick cytoplasm and continuous capillary wall via ZONULA OCCLUDENDS only allow glucose and not protein

Question 26

where are the continuous capillaries found?

Answer 26

Muscles, lungs, CNS

Question 27

Describe fenestrated capillaries?

Answer 27

exteremly thin cytoplasm and perforated zonula occludens used in molecules exchange

Question 28

where are the fenestrated capillaries found?

Answer 28

kidney, GIT, gall bladder, endocrine

Question 29

describe sinusoid capillaries ?

Answer 29

wide , leaky capillaries , intercelluar cleft are wide open found in cell exchanging places

Question 30

where are sinusoid capillaries found?

Answer 30

bone marrow liver spleen lymphoid tissue

Question 31

what are the types of veins?

Answer 31

postcapillary venules : more porous than capillaries Medium/ muscular veins : have tunica intima , media, externa , have valves Large veins IVC

Question 32

what are the structure in relation to function of veins?

Answer 32

valves = prevent backflow elastic fibers --> not needed for recoil low pressure = large lumen

Question 33

describe tunica intima of large vein?

Answer 33

endothelium thin subendothelial connective tissue internal elastic lamina is NOT DISTINCT

Question 34

describe tunica media of large veins?

Answer 34

thin with collagen fibers 1/3 of vein

Question 35

describe tunica adventitia of large veins?

Answer 35

very thick longitudinally running of smooth muscle fibers 2/3 of thickness

Question 36

what are the types of connections between arteries and veins?

Answer 36

capillaries arterio venous anastomosis shunts blood sinusoids

Question 37

describe the myocardium?

Answer 37

-muscle fibers are long and branched - Centrally located nucleus and some are bi nucleated - Myofilaments exhibits cross striation - cardiomyocytes joined together via intercalated disks - perinuclear region ( glycogen cytoplasm )

Question 38

whats found in the epicardium?

Answer 38

simple squamous epithelium contain coronary vessels has fat cells

Question 39

describe myocardium ?

Answer 39

formed of cardiac muscle thickest in left ventricle separated by loose C.T endomysium which contain blood vessels and lymphatic

Question 40

describe endocardium?

Answer 40

lines the chambers and cover the heart valves simple squamous epithelium subendothelial layer with collagen and elastic fibers layer of loose C.T and PURKINJE FIBERS ( in the ventricle only )

Question 41

describe PURKINJE FIBERS?

Answer 41

larger and pale stained Less myofibrils than cardiac muscle Larger nuclei than cardiac muscle and surrounded by lighter stained cytoplasm very large amount of glycogen in perinuclear region