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respiratory Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 2 portions of the respiratory tract?

A

1- Conduction portion

2- Respiratory portion

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2
Q

what forms the conduction portion?

A

1- nasal cavities
2- pharynx
3-larynx
4-trachea
5-bronchus
- Extra and intra pulmonary
- primary/secondary/tertiary
6-Bronchioles ( 1mm or less in diameter )
conducting bronchioles ( long )
-Terminal bronchioles

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3
Q

what forms the respiratory portion?

A

starts after the terminal bronchioles

1- respiratory bronchioles
2- alveolar ducts
3- alveolar sacs ( atria )
4-alveoli

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4
Q

what are the general layers of respiratory tracT?

A

1- Mucosa

2- Submucosa

3- Cartilage layer

4- adventitia

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5
Q

what are the components of the mucosa?

A

Epithelial lining which is psuedostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

lamina propria ( has vessels like arteriole )

smooth muscles

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6
Q

what are the component of submucosa?

A

loose connective tissue containing 2 types of glands

Mucus glands

Serous glands

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7
Q

what are the components of cartilage layer?

A

hyaline cartilage + smooth mucles

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8
Q

what are the components of adventitia ?

A

fibro elastic connective tissue containing nerves and blood supply

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9
Q

what are the most common cells found ?

A

Ciliated columnar cells : move mucus

Goblet cells : secret mucus

Basal cells : stem cells replace the old dead ones

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10
Q

what are the less common cells found ?

A

Brush cells : sensory cells

K cells/dense core granule cells/small granule cells : enteroendocrine cells ( paracrine cells )

Clara cells : protein secreting cells secreting surfactant

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11
Q

what can lead to cilia damage?

A

toxic chemicals

car exhaust fumes

smoke , cigarette

bacterial/viral infection

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12
Q

what could happen in prolonged and repeated damage of the cilia?

A

squamous metaplasia

squamous cells replace the columnar ciliated

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13
Q

what type of cell is the goblet cells?

A

columnar epithelial that secrete mucous

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14
Q

what type of cell is the brush cell /receptor cell?

A

columnar cells with microvilli ( microvilli are projections that increase surface area )

synapses with chemoreceptors and afferent nerves endings

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15
Q

what do the enteroendocrine/k cells/ granules cells contain?

A

granules that secrete local hormones ( paracrine secretions ) which regulate muscle tone in bronchial and vessel wall

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16
Q

what could be the origin of K cells?

A

aggressive type of bronchial carcinoma

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17
Q

why do smokers have increased number of goblet cells?

A

smokers have dead cilia so the ratio of the goblet cells and these will secrete mucus but there wont be no cilia to move it out –> congestions

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18
Q

what happens to the epithelium as you go down in conduction pathway?

A

decrease in thickness by :

P. columnar. c.e ——> Simple columnar . c.e ——> Simple cuboidal ciliated .e —-> Simple cuboidal

the cilia decreases

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19
Q

what happens to the goblet cells as you go down in conduction pathway?

A

they decrease in numbers

until in bronchioles there is NO GOBLET CELLS

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20
Q

what happens in the submucosa cells as you go down in conduction pathway?

A

the glands decrease in numbers until in BRONCHIOLES THERE IS NO GOBLET CELLS

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21
Q

what happens in the cartilage as you go down in conduction pathway?

A

decrease in number

goes from cartilage ring in trachea to cartilage plates in bronchus

NO CARTILAGE IN BRONCHIOLES

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22
Q

what happens to smooth muscle fibers as you go down in conduction pathway?

A

they are present and increase in numbers to regulate the airway entry

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23
Q

what happens to the elastic fibers as you go down in conduction pathway?

A

present

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24
Q

whats in the mucosa of the trachea + primary bronchus ?

A

epithelium with pseudostratified columnar cilia

goblet cells
brush celll
basal cells
small granule cells ( K cells )

Basement membrane : glassy layer packed with collagen fibers which is thicker in smokers due to mucosal irritation

Lamina propria : lose connective tissue , highly vascular , diffuse lymphatic nodules

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25
whats in the submucosa of trachea + primary bronchus ?
mixed glands collagen and elastic fibers diffuse lymphatic tissue and lymphatic nodules larger vessels and lymphatics
26
what happens when you have repeated damage to mucosa?
increased activity of the glands
27
whats found in the cartilagous layer of tracheal + primary bronchus wall and whats their function?
hyaline cartilage RINGS prevent collapse of tracheal lumen provide flexbility may calcify with age trachealis muscle ( between the trachea and esophagus ) Layers of perichondrium and flat chondrocytes and chondrocytes in between
28
whats found in the advenitita of the trachea + primary bronchus ?
nerves blood vessels adipose tissue
29
what is the general layers and structure of bronchus?
mucosa musclaris ( muscle layer between the mucosa and the submucosa ) submucosa cartilage adventitia
30
what are 2 special changes that happen in the bronchus?
the cartilage ring becomes cartilage plate ( except for the primary bronchi ) the muscularis layer between mucosa and submucosa
31
whats found in the mucosa of the bronchus?
- pseudostratified columnar epithelial ( like trachea ) - fewer goblet cells -lamina propria ( similar to trachea, has vessels and lymphatic tissue )
32
whats found in the muscularis layer of the bronchus?
complete circumferential layer of smooth muscle its discontinuous because of its spiral course
33
whats the function of the muscularis layer?
contraction regulates the diameter of airway
34
whats found in the submucosa of the bronchus?
loose connective tissue serous glands mucus glands but less amount of glands
35
whats found in the cartilage layer of the bronchus?
discontinuous layer of cartilage plates EXCEPT THE PRIMARY BRONCHUS IT HAS CARTILAGE RING
36
whats found in the adventitia of the bronchus?
connective tissue nerves blood vessels adipose tissue
37
how to differentiate between trachea and primary bronchus?
both of them have cartilage rings but the primary bronchus has the muscularis layer and the trachea doesnt
38
how to differentiate between primary bronchus and other bronchus ?
all of them have muscularis layer but the primary bronchus has cartilage ring and the other bronchus have plates
39
describe the histology of large BRONCHIOLES ?
Simple ciliated columnar epithelium ( NO LONGER PSEUDO BUT STILL COLUMNAR ) no cartilage smooth muscles elastic fibers low amount of goblet cells
40
describe the histology of Terminal bronchioles?
Simple CUBOIDAL ciliated ( no longer pseudo or columnar ) no cartilage smooth muscles Elastic fibers NO GOBLET CELLS NO CARTILAGE Clara cells
41
describe the mucosa of LARGE bronchioles?
-Epithelium : Simple CILIATED COLUMNAR ( change from pseudo to simple and then become simple ciliated cuboidal in terminals bronchioles) -Low amount of goblet cells ( FOUND IN LARGE BRONCHIOLES AND NOT IN TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES )
42
Describe the submucosa of large bronchioles?
NO SUBMUCOSA GLAND
43
describe the cartilage of large bronchioles?
NO CARTILAGE
44
what are the components of TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES?
- Simple Ciliated cuboidal ( no longer pseudo or columnar ) -Clara cells - Smooth muscles and elastic fibers NO GOBLET CELLS NO SUBMUCOSA GLANDS NO CARTILAGE
45
in what condition you have goblet cells in terminal bronchioles?
when exposed irritation
46
what happens to the smooth muscles in TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES in asthma ?
prolonged contraction of the smooth muscles in terminal bronchioles
47
whats respiratory bronchioles?
js after the terminal bronchioles Single layer cuboidal cells and smooth muscles clara cells and few ciliated cells
48
whats alveolar ducts?
wall consists of alveolar entrance rings with squamous layer and surfactant ( NOT CUBOIDAL )
49
whats alveolar sacs?
inter alveolar septa covered by squamous epithelium capillaries surfactant
50
what cells are found in alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs?
type 1 cells = squamous alveolar type 2 cells = cuboidal alveolar alveolar macrophages
51
describe the histology of respiratory bronchioles?
Transitional zone : air conduction and gas exchange lined by cuboidal epithelium containing clara cells alveoli extend from the lumen of respiratory bronchioles
52
where are clara cells found?
terminal bronchioles respiratory bronchioles
53
describe clara cells?
none ciliated cells have dome shaped apical projection protein secreting cells
54
whats the function of clara cells?
produce one of the components of surfactant act as stem cells contain enzymes which detoxify noxious substances
55
describe alveolar ducts?
elongated airways that have almost no wall , only alveoli as their peripheral boundary rings of smooth muscle are present in the knob like interalveolar septa
56
describe alveolar sacs ?
spaces surrounded by cluster of alveoli the alveoli surrounding it open into it
57
whats the function of alveoli?
they are responsible for gas exchange
58
what separates the alveoli from each others ?
thin connective tissue layer ( collagen and elastic fibers + fibroblasts ) that contain blood capillaries ) ---> ALVEOLAR SEPTUM
59
whats interstitial fibrosis?
thickened septum due to fibroblasts leading to reduced gaseous exchange ---> hypoxia
60
whats emphysema?
destruction of alveoli ---> reduced surface area
61
what are type 1 alveolar cells?
squamous not capable of division line 95% of the surface of alveoli
62
what are type 2 alveolar cells?
cuboidal cells and bulge into air space Secrete surfactant as numerous as type 1 cells but bigger only occupy 5% of the surface area
63
where are type 2 alveolar cells located?
branching point of alveolar septum
64
whats the other function of type 2 alveolar cells?
progenitor cells for type 1 alveolar cells
65
what happens in alveolar injury and repair?
increased number of type 2 alveolar cells
66
whats the function of surfactant?
reduce surface tension at air epithelium
67
whats neonatal respiratory distress syndrome?
low amount of surfactant leading to alveoli collapse
68
where are alveolar macrophages located?
connective tissue of the septum and in the air space of alveolus
69
whats the function of macrophages?
remove inhaled particular matter ( dust --> dust cells ) phagocytize red blood cells that may enter during heart failure ( pulmonary congestion in left side heart failure ) phagocytize infectious organism
70
what does air has to go through to reach blood? air blood barrier?
1 - thin layer of surfactant 2- type 1 epithelial cells and its basal lamina 3- capillary endothelial cell and its basal lamina

histology y2s1 (3 decks)

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