Blood vessels of head and neck

Question 1

What is the blood supply to the head?

Answer 1

• internal carotid x2
• external carotid x2
• verteral arteries x2

Question 2

Where do the internal carotid arteries supply?

Answer 2

• brain and eyes

Question 3

Where do the external carotid arteries supply?

Answer 3

• extracranial structures (scalp, face)

Question 4

Where do the vertebral arteries supply?

Answer 4

• brain

Question 5

What is the origin of the internal and external carotid arteries?

Answer 5

• bification of the common carotid artery

Question 6

What are the collateral branches of the aortic arch?

Answer 6

• brachiocephalic trunk
• left common carotid artery
• left subclavian artery

Question 7

What does the brachiocephalic trunk terminally divide into?

Answer 7

• right common carotid artery

- right subclavian artery

Question 8

At what point does the brachiocephalic trunk terminally divide?

Answer 8

• right sternoclavicular joint

Question 9

What percentage of people have a normal aortic bification?

Answer 9

• 64.9%

Question 10

What is the main aortic bificiation variation and what percent of population have this?

Answer 10

• left common carotid and left subclavian artery share common origin of the aortic arch
• 27.1%

Question 11

Where do the subclavian arteries terminate?

Answer 11

• terminates at external margin of 1st rib

Question 12

What do the subclavian arteries become continuous with?

Answer 12

• becomes continuous with axillary arteries (don’t end just change name)

Question 13

What are the major collateral branches of the subclavian artery?

Answer 13

• vertebral (goes up)

- internal thoracic/mammaries (give rise to intercostal arteries)

Question 14

What are the 4 main parts of the vertebral artery (include vertebral level)?

Answer 14

1. cervical part (until C6)
2. Vertebral part (C6-C1)
3. Suboccipital part (C1 - foramen magnum)
4. Intracranial part (once it crosses foramen magnum)

Question 15

What is the course of the common carotid arteries?

Answer 15

• ascends posterolateral to trachea and larynx

Question 16

Is there any collateral branches of the common carotid arteries?

Answer 16

• no

Question 17

What s the termination of the common carotid arteries?

Answer 17

• terminally divides into external and internal carotid arteries at superior boarder of thyroid cartilage
• C3/4

Question 18

What is the major differences between the internal and external carotid arteries?

Answer 18

• the internal carotid artery has a wider diameter and is located posterolateral to external carotid artery

Question 19

What is the carotid sinus?

Answer 19

• is a dilation of the most proximal part of internal carotid artery
• contains baroreceptors (for pressure) in walls

Question 20

What do the collateral branches of the external carotid arteries supply?

Answer 20

• thyroid gland

- all parts of head except brain and eyes

Question 21

What are the terminal branches of the external carotid arteries?

Answer 21

• maxillary artery –> middle meningeal artery is a collateral branch of this

Question 22

What is the origin of the middle meningeal arteries?

Answer 22

• collateral branch of maxillary artery of external carotid artery

Question 23

What does the middle meningeal artery supply?

Answer 23

• cranial bone and dura

Question 24

Where does the middle meningeal artery enter the cranial cavity?

Answer 24

• through the foramen spinosum

Question 25

Where does the middle meningeal artery divide into anterior and posterior branches?

Answer 25

- at pterion

Question 26

What are the parts of the internal carotid artery?

Answer 26

1. Cervical part 2. Petrous part 3. cavernous part 4. cerebral part

Question 27

Where does the petrous part lie?

Answer 27

- follows carotid canal of petrous part of temporal bone

Question 28

Where does the cavernous part lie?

Answer 28

- carotid groove of the body of the sphenoid bone

Question 29

Where does the cerebral part lie?

Answer 29

- inferior surface of the brain

Question 30

What is the carotid siphon?

Answer 30

- u-shaped portion of internal carotid artery | - formed partially by cavernous and cerebral parts

Question 31

What is the origin of the ophthalmic artery?

Answer 31

- branch of carotid siphon --> internal carotid artery --> common carotid artery

Question 32

In the circle of willis, what arteries do the internal carotid arteries contribute to?

Answer 32

- anterior cerebral arteries - middle cerebral arteries - posterior communicating arteries

Question 33

What does the union of the vertebral arteries form?

Answer 33

- basilar artery

Question 34

In the circle of willis, what arteries do the vertebral arteries contribute to?

Answer 34

- basilar artery | - posterior communicating artery

Question 35

What percentage of blood that is ejected from the heart goes to the head?

Answer 35

- 20%

Question 36

What are the arteries that link the cerebral arteries to form the circle of willis?

Answer 36

- anterior communicating | - posterior communicating (x2)

Question 37

What percentage of people have a normal/complete circle of willis?

Answer 37

- 18%

Question 38

What are two variations in the circle of willis?

Answer 38

- missing the anterior cerebral | - missing one of the posterior communicating

Question 39

What fissure does the middle cerebral artery pass through?

Answer 39

- lateral fissure

Question 40

What fissure does the anterior cerebral artery pass through?

Answer 40

- oblique fissure

Question 41

What fissure does the posterior cerebral artery pass through?

Answer 41

-

Question 42

What is the blood drainage of the head?

Answer 42

- internal jugular veins (x2) - external jugular veins (x2) - vertebral venous plexus

Question 43

What is the vertebral venous plexus?

Answer 43

- a network of veins that wrap around the vertebral part of vertebral artery

Question 44

What occurs at the internal occipital protrusion?

Answer 44

- confluence of sinuses

Question 45

What is the blood flow of the venous sinuses into the internal jugular vein?

Answer 45

1. occipital sinus and superior sagittal sinus 2. confluence of sinuses 3. transverse sinus 4. sigmoid sinus 5. internal jugular vein

Question 46

What venous sinuses are located in the dura matter?

Answer 46

1. superior sagittal sinus 2. inferior sagittal sinus 3. straight sinus 4. transverse sinus 5. sigmoid sinus 6. cavernous sinus 7. inferior and superior petrosal sinuses

Question 47

What is the origin of the internal jugular veins?

Answer 47

- continuation of sigmoid venous sinus in jugular foramen

Question 48

What is the termination of the internal jugular veins?

Answer 48

- both form a confluence with the subclavian vein to form the brachiocephalic vein

Question 49

What is the superficial veins of the neck?

Answer 49

- external jugular veins (x2)

Question 50

What is the origin of the external jugular vein?

Answer 50

- tributary of the subclavian vein

Question 51

What does the external jugular vein drain?

Answer 51

- most of scalp and face

Question 52

What does the external jugular vein course?

Answer 52

- superficial to sternocleidomastoid

Question 53

What is the origin of the subclavian vein?

Answer 53

- is a continuation of an axillary vein at external edge of 1st rib

Question 54

What does the subclavian vein course?

Answer 54

- anterior to subclavian artery

Question 55

What are the two major tributaries of the subclavian vein?

Answer 55

- external jugular vein | - vertebral vein plexus

Question 56

What is the termination of the subclavian veins?

Answer 56

- confluence with internal jugular vein to form a brachiocephalic vein