Blue Boxes - Bones of LE Flashcards
(44 cards)
The _______ ________ are discs of hyaline cartilage between the metaphysis and epiphysis of a mature long bone that permits the bone to grow longer.
Epiphysial Plates
Explain why adolescents are more vulnerable to lower limb injuries.
Their bones are still developing and they still have epiphysial plates. During growth spurts, bones actually grow faster than the attached muscle. The combined stress of rapid growth and physical activity on the epiphysial plates can result in irritation and injury of the plates and developing bone.
Fractures of the hip bone are referred to as ________ fractures. The term “hip fracture” is most commonly applied to fractures of the femoral head, neck, or trochanters.
Pelvic
What type of fractures of the hip bone can occur during sports that require sudden acceleration or deceleration (i.e., sprinting, kicking, hurdling)?
Avulsion fractures of hip bone
Avulsion fractures of the hip bone occur at ________, or bony projections that lack secondary ossification centers.
Apophyses
Avulsion fractures occur where muscles or ligaments are attached. What are the common areas for avulsion fractures of the hip?
ASIS
AIIS
Ischial tuberosities
Ischiopubic rami
When the angle of inclination between the long axis of the femoral neck and the femoral shaft is decreased, it is called…
Coxa vara (shaft of femur deformed toward midline)
***Knock knees – Remember this is opposite from knee. Knee is Genu Valgum
When the angle of inclination between the long axis of the femoral neck and the femoral shaft is increased, it is called…
Coxa valga (shaft of femur deformed away from midline)
***Bow-legged – Remember this is opposite from knee. Knee is Genu Varum
Coxa (VARA/VALGA) causes a mild shortening of the lower limb and limits passive abduction of the hip.
Vara
***Decreased angle between femoral neck and shaft
In older children and adolescents, the epiphysis of the femoral head may slip away from the femoral neck because of a weakened epiphysial plate. How is this caused?
Acute trauma
Repetitive microtraumas that put increased shearing stress on epiphysis
***Especially with abduction and lateral rotation of thigh
When there is a dislocation of the epiphysis of the femoral head, the epiphysis will slowly slip and result in a progressive _______ _______.
Coxa vara
What is the common initial symptom of a dislocated epiphysis on the femoral head? How is it diagnosed?
– Hip discomfort that may be referred to the knee
– Radiographic exam of the superior end of the femur
What part of the femur is most often fractured?
Femoral neck
The type of femoral fraction that can be sustained is often related to what?
Age
Sex
The femoral neck becomes increasingly vulnerable with age, especially in females, secondary to __________.
Osteoporosis
Transcervical (middle of neck) and intertrochanteric fractures of the proximal femur usually occur as a result of what?
Indirect trauma – can be from stumbling or stepping down hard, like off a curb or step
What happens to the limb as a result of a transcervical (middle of neck) or intertrochanteric femur fracture?
Impaction and muscle spasm can cause limb to shorten
Fractures of the Greater Trochanter and Femoral Shaft usually result from a (INDIRECT/DIRECT) trauma.
Direct (i.e., motor vehicle accidents and sports)
Inferior or distal femur fractions may be complicated by separation of the condyles, resulting in misalignment of the articular surfaces of the knee joint or a hemorrhage due to what?
Due to the large Popliteal A. that runs directly on the posterior surface of the bone.
***This type of fracture can compromise blood supply to leg, should always be considered in knee fractures or dislocations!
What is the most frequent site of fracture for the Tibia?
Middle and inferior thirds (most narrow area)
Due to the anterior surface of the Tibia being subcuanteous, the Tibial shaft is the most common site for what type of fractures?
Compound fractures
***This type of fracture has bone sticking out of skin
This type of fracture can occur in the Tibia to people who take long hikes before they are conditioned.
Transverse march (stress) fractures
Frequently during skiing a fractures results from a high-speed forward fall, which angles the leg over the rigid ski boot, producing what type of fracture?
Boot-top fracture (transverse)
Severe torsion during skiing may produce a _________ fracture of the tibial shaft at the junction of the middle and inferior thirds, as well as a fracture of the ________. These types of fractures are often associated with limb shortening.
Diagonal
Fibula
