Blueprint Of Life

Question 0

Most genes encode proteins and are transcribed into______.

Answer 0

Messenger RNA

Question 1

Three different kinds of RNA

Answer 1

mRNA
tRNA
rRNA

Question 2

The information encrypted in _______ is deciphered according to genetic code, which correlates each set of three nucleotides to a particular amino acids.

Answer 2

mRNA

Question 3

DNA polymerase synthesize DNA in the ________ direction

Answer 3

5’ to 3’

Question 4

Add nucleotides to which end?

Answer 4

3’

Question 5

The DNA strand that functions as the template is called the______

Answer 5

Minus strand

Question 6

A RNA transcript that carries the code for only one gene

Answer 6

Monocystronic

Question 7

Alkylating agents

Answer 7

Adds alkyl groups to nucleobases

Question 8

Nitrous acid

Answer 8

Converts amino to keto

Question 9

What is an example of an Alkylating agent?

Answer 9

Nitrosoguanidine adds methyl group to guanine

Base pairs to thymine instead of cytosine

Question 10

Base analogs

Answer 10

Chemicals that are structurally similar to nitrogenous bases but have a slightly altered base pairing properties
2-amino purine resembles A but often pairs with C instead of T
5-bromouracil resembles T, but often pairs with C

Question 11

AZT azidothymidine does what terrible thing?

Answer 11

Halt elongation of DNA because the 3’ end is not the needed OH

Question 12

Intercalating agents

Answer 12

Ethidium bromide

Randomly inserts between adjacent bases

Question 13

What kind if mutation is caused by Intercalating agents?

Answer 13

Frame shift

Question 14

Transposition

Transposonjpim genes

Answer 14

Jumping from replicon to replicon

Insert themselves randomly between genes

Question 15

Radiation
UV light
X rays

Answer 15

Thymine dimers- covalent bonding between adjacent thymine bases
- Uv light causes this

X-rays- cause breaks and alterations in DNA
- often lethal

Question 16

Repair of damaged DNA

Answer 16

Proofreading

Mismatch repair

Question 17

Proofreading

Answer 17

DNA polymerase has a proof reading function, can excise wrong base and pit back in the good base

Question 18

Mismatch repair

Answer 18

Endonuclease enzyme removes short stretch of nucleotide

DNA polymerase fills gap

Question 19

Repair of thymine dimers

Answer 19

Photoreactivation- uses visible light to break covalent bonds between dimers
Excision repair-dark repair, snips out the damaged region, need DNA polymerase, etc

Question 20

Repair of modified bases

Answer 20

SOS repair last ditch effort to bypass damage

Produces new DNA polymerase , highly error prone

Question 21

Mutation selection

Answer 21

Direct selection

Indirect selection

Question 22

Direct selection

Answer 22

Inoculating pop of bacteria in medium on which only mutants will grow
Used to select Antimicrobial resistant organisms

Question 23

Indirect selection

Answer 23

Required to isolate organisms that require a growth factor

Autotrophic mutants

Question 24

Auxotroph

Answer 24

A microorganism that requires a growth factor

Question 25

Conjugation

Answer 25

Mechanism of horizontal gene transfer in which the donor cell physically contacts to recipient cell

Question 26

DNA mediated transformation

Answer 26

Mechanism of horizontal gene transfer in which the bacterial DNA is transferred as naked DNA

Question 27

Genotype

Answer 27

The sequence of nucleotides in an organisms DNA

Question 28

Homologous recombination

Answer 28

Process by which a cell replaces a stretch if Dna with a segment that has a similar nucleotide sequence

Question 29

Horizontal gene transfer

Answer 29

DNA transfer from one bacterium to another by conjugation, transformation, or transduction

Question 30

Mutation

Answer 30

A change in the nucleotide sequence if a cell's DNA that is then passed on to the daughter cells

Question 31

Non homologous recombination

Answer 31

DNA recombination that does not require extensive nucleotide sequence similarity in the stretches that recombine

Question 32

Phenotype

Answer 32

The observed characteristics of a cell

Question 33

Plasmid

Answer 33

An extra chromosomal DNA molecule that replicates independently of the chromosome

Question 34

Prototroph

Answer 34

A microorganism that does not require any organic growth factors

Question 35

Transduction

Answer 35

Mechanism of horizontal gene transfer in which bacterial DNA is transferred inside a phage coat

Question 36

Transposon

Answer 36

Segment if DNA that can move from one site to another in a cells genome

Question 37

Wild type

Answer 37

Form of the cell or gene as it typically occurs in nature

Question 38

Revertant

Answer 38

A auxotroph that reverts back to wild type, to prototroph

Question 39

Repair of damaged DNA

Answer 39

``` Proof reading by DNA polymerase Mismatch repair Light repair Excision repair SOS repair Action of glycosylase ```

Question 40

Mismatch repair

Answer 40

Methylation of DNA nucleobased label template strand Protein cuts the site of error, degrades a bit, eliminating the error nucleotide DNA polymerase synthesizes a new stretch Error in NUCLEOTIDE INCORPORATION

Question 41

Ways to fix errors in nucleotide incorporation

Answer 41

Mismatch repair | Proof reading

Question 42

Repair of modified nucleobases ((oxidized guanine))

Answer 42

Glycosylase, enYme that removes oxidized nucleobases from the sugar phosphate backbone

Question 43

Repair of thymine dimers

Answer 43

Enzyme uses visible light to restore originality ---- photoreactivation, light repair Excision repair-- cuts on either side of the dimer, DNA polymerase, etc.

Question 44

SOS repair

Answer 44

Last ditch DNA so heavily damaged by uv light that excision repair nor photoreactivation can do the job SOS DNA polymerases have no proof reading ability. SOS mutagenisis

Question 45

Breifly describe direct selection of mutant bacteria

Answer 45

The bacteria is grown on a nutrient agar that can support the mutant, but not the parent. For example, The nutrient agar may include an antibiotic that the parent is susceptible to, but a mutant antibiotic resistant wouldn't.

Question 46

Indirect selection

Answer 46

More difficult, involved method. Used for isolating mutants away from parents that can grow in the same growth medium Growth on steak plate Use velvet stamp, in same orientation, to collect cells from colonies and transfer to a plate that cannot metabolically support the mutant Plates compared to note which colonies are missing Missing means auxotroph

Question 47

Penicillin enrichment of mutants

Answer 47

Cells grow in nutrient broth---> add penicillin and incubate--> penicillinase added, plate in to nutrient Agar Compare to control on agar

Question 48

Ethidium bromide

Answer 48

Intercalating agent

Question 49

5-bromouracil

Answer 49

Nucleoside analog

Question 50

Thymine dimers

Answer 50

Uv light

Question 51

Transposons

Answer 51

Insertion mutagen

Question 52

Newly incorporated DNA nucleotides are added to the ______ end of the growing DNA strand.

Answer 52

3' OH

Question 53

mRNA is synthesized from a DNA template

Answer 53

Transcription

Question 54

Three nucleotides that are complementary to particular RNA nucleotides

Answer 54

Anticodon

Question 55

What is the inducer of the lac operon?

Answer 55

Lactose

Question 56

What is the beta galactosidase

Answer 56

Structural gene

Question 57

Place where repressive binds

Answer 57

Operator

Question 58

Binds to operator

Answer 58

Repressor

Question 59

Recognized by sigma factor

Answer 59

Promoter