BM : DNA, RNA

Question 1

What are nucleic acids

Answer 1

Polymers made form nucleotides

Question 2

what are the 2 types of nucleic acids

Answer 2

• DNA

- RNA

Question 3

What does DNA stand for?

Answer 3

DeoxyriboNucleic Acid

Question 4

Where is DNA found

Answer 4

All organisms

• plants
• microorganisms
• animals

Question 5

What does DNA carry

Answer 5

Genes

Question 6

what are genes

Answer 6

Sections of DNA that code for a protein

Question 7

what are all organisms built of?

Answer 7

Proteins

Question 8

What are the building blocks of DNA

Answer 8

DNA nucleotide

Question 9

What are DNA nucleotides made of

Answer 9

• phosphate
• deoxyribose sugar
• nitrogenous base

Question 10

how many types of nucleotides are there and whats different about them

Answer 10

4

- each has different base : adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine

Question 11

What is the structure of DNA

Answer 11

DNA double helix

• join nucleotides by condensation reaction between sugar and phosphate to form a polynucleotide
• join two polynucleotides by hydrogen bonds between the bases
• A joins T, C joins G (complementary base pairing(
• produces double stand (anti-parallel)
• then coil double strand into helix

Question 12

DNA structural properties : Double stranded

Answer 12

Makes DNA more stable

- 2 strands act as templates in semi- conservative replication

Question 13

DNA structural properties : Coil in DNA

Answer 13

more compact

Question 14

What are the DNA structural properties

Answer 14

• double stranded
• coil in DNA
• sugar-phosphate backbone
• hydrogen bonds between bases
• complementary base pairing

Question 15

DNA structural properties : sugar phosphate backbone

Answer 15

protects bases

Question 16

DNA structural properties : hydrogen bonds between bases

Answer 16

weak. so double strand separates more easily for semi-conservative replication

Question 17

DNA structural properties : complementary base pairing

Answer 17

ensures identical copies of DNA made by semi-conservative replication

Question 18

When does DNA replication occur?

Answer 18

in interphase before mitosis and meiosis

Question 19

How does DNA replication occur

Answer 19

By semi-conservative replication

Question 20

Basics of semi-conservative replication occur?

Answer 20

• DNA double strand separate
• act as templates
• producing 2 identical copies of the DNA
• each has half the original strand
• and half the new strand

Question 21

Process of semi-conservative DNA repilcation

Answer 21

• DNA helicase breaks hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases
• double strands separate, leaving 2 template strands
• free complementary nucleotides bind to exposed bases on the template strands
• DNA polyemerase joins the sugar-phosphate backbone of the new strand

Question 22

Evidence for semi-conservative replication

Answer 22

• replicating bacterial DNA in 2 types of nitrogen isotopes

Question 23

Two nitrogen isotopes used in semi-conservative replication

Answer 23

15N = heavy isotope 
14N = light isotope

Question 24

Where is the nitrogen found in semi-conservative replication

Answer 24

in nitrogenous bases of DNA

Question 25

Bacterial DNA made from 15N will have a?

Answer 25

Heavy density

Question 26

Bacterial DNA made from 14N will have a?

Answer 26

Light density

Question 27

Procedure for semi-conservative replication

Answer 27

- bacterial DNA made of 15N is replicated in an environment of 14N - Produces DNA molecules with half 15 / half 14

Question 28

What does RNA stand for?

Answer 28

RiboNucleic Acid

Question 29

what are the 2 types of RNA

Answer 29

- mRNA (messenger RNA) | - tRNA (transfer RNA)

Question 30

Similar properties of mRNA and tRNA

Answer 30

- both single stranded | - both made of RNA nucleotides

Question 31

What does ATP stand for?

Answer 31

Adenosine Triphosphate

Question 32

What is ATP

Answer 32

- energy carrier molecule | - delivers energy for life processes

Question 33

What makes up ATP

Answer 33

- 1 adenosine | - 3 phosphates

Question 34

Formation

Answer 34

ADP + Pi (+energy used) = ATP | - condensation reaction using ATP synthase

Question 35

where does ATP carry energy?

Answer 35

In its bonds

Question 36

Breakdown

Answer 36

ATP = ADP + Pi (+energy released) | - hydrolysis reaction using ATP hydrolase

Question 37

2 things that make ATP a good deliverer of energy

Answer 37

- Immediate source = need to only break one bond (+ bond is weak) - Manageable source = releases small amount of energy

Question 38

Uses of ATP in organisms

Answer 38

- protein synthesis - organelle synthesis - DNA replication - cell division (mitosis) - active transport - metabolic reactions - movement - maintaining body temperature