BMI and protein energy malnutrition

Question 1

BMI is an indicator of

Answer 1

body fat

Question 2

BMI is measured by

Answer 2

weight in kg/ (height in metres)^2

Question 3

BMI <18.5 is

Answer 3

underweight

Question 4

Underweight BMI is

Answer 4

<18.5

Question 5

BMI 18.5-25 is

Answer 5

normal weight

Question 6

Normal weight BMI is

Answer 6

18.5-25

Question 7

BMI 25-30 is

Answer 7

overweight

Question 8

Overweight BMI is

Answer 8

25-30

Question 9

Obesity BMI is

Answer 9

> 30

Question 10

BMI >30 is

Answer 10

obese

Question 11

Morbid obese BMI is

Answer 11

> 40

Question 12

BMI >40 is

Answer 12

morbidly obese

Question 13

protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) exists when

Answer 13

there is inadequate intake of macronutrients

Question 14

The two divisions of protein-energy malnutrition are

Answer 14

kwashiorkor (protein lack) and marasmus

Question 15

Protein-energy malnutrition can also exist in the context of

Answer 15

eating disorders

Question 16

What does an optimum diet provide in terms of vitamins and minerals?

Answer 16

a variety of foods to provide vitamins (mostly vegetable) and enough meat to provide iron

Question 17

Low risk body percent fat for men is

Answer 17

14-20%

Question 18

Low risk body percent fat for women is

Answer 18

18-30%

Question 19

Body fat can be estimated by

Answer 19

caliper measurements of skinfold thickness; body density measurements by immersion in water (hydrodensitometry); bioelectric impedance (fat = better electrical insulator)

Question 20

Energy needed per day is

Answer 20

132kJ/kg lean body mass

Question 21

Increased risk of metabolic complications is associated with what waist circumference?

Answer 21

over 94 cm for men, over 80cm for women

Question 22

Substantially increased risk of metabolic complications is associated with what waist circumference?

Answer 22

over 102cm for men, over 88cm for women

Question 23

What is protein sparing?

Answer 23

when enough energy is provided by carbohydrate and fat for protein to be used structurally and not for gluconeogenesis

Question 24

Long-term starvation has what affect on the gut?

Answer 24

intestinal villi degenerate because there is nothing to absorb; the gut digests itself, which complicates refeeding

Question 25

What is kwashiorkor?

Answer 25

protein lack where energy intake may be adequate; causes oedema (aflatoxin from aspergillus fungus in the diet produces an epoxide via p450 that kills guanine in DNA; causes cell death in the liver and reduced serum albumin = pot belly) with maintenance of some subcutaneous fat tissue

Question 26

What is marasmus?

Answer 26

nutrient lack and energy insufficient; skin and bones appearance with little or no subcutaneous fat tissue

Question 27

Lack of thiamin in starvation leads to

Answer 27

digestive, visual, physical, and neurological disabilities even on refeeding

Question 28

Negative nitrogen balance occurs when

Answer 28

more is excreted than consumed; in starvation, post burns victims, postp-op patients, and AIDS patients

Question 29

What is cachexia?

Answer 29

extreme example of the loss of muscular and adipose tissue in terminal illness; caused in part by high levels of TNFa

Question 30

What causes lactose intolerance?

Answer 30

in non-dairy consuming societies lactase production drops 90% in the first 4 years of life (populations that drink milk have mutations on chromosome 2 that prevent this reduction in lactase)

Question 31

Vegans risk deficiencies in

Answer 31

B12 (peripheral neuritis, pernicious anaemia), vitamin D, riboflavin, iron, calcium, and zinc