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From Flashcardlet > BMS 107 Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

BMS 107 Nervous Tissue Flashcards

This flashcard deck was created using Flashcardlet's card creator

0
Q

What comprises the Central Nervous System?

A

Brain and central axis of the body

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1
Q

What are the two structural subdivisions of the nervous system?

A
  1. Central Nervous System

2. Peripheral Nervous System

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2
Q

What comprises the Peripheral Nervous System?

A

Cranial nerves, spinal nerves and ganglia

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3
Q

What are the three general functions performed by the PNS and CNS?

A
  1. Collecting information
  2. Processing and evaluating information
  3. Responding to information
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4
Q

What subdivision of the nervous system is responsible for collecting information?

A

PNS

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5
Q

What subdivision of the nervous system is responsible for processing and evaluating information?

A

CNS

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6
Q

What subdivision of the nervous system is responsible for responding to information?

A

Both the CNS and PNS

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7
Q

What are two FUNCTIONAL divisions of the nervous system?

A
  1. Sensory nervous system (afferent)

2. Motor nervous system (efferent)

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8
Q

The sensory nervous system receives sensory information from ___________ in the ______ and transmits it to the _______.

A

Receptors; PNS; CNS

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9
Q

What are the two subdivisions of the sensory nervous system?

A
  1. Somatic sensory

2. Visceral sensory

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10
Q

What is somatic sensory?

A

Touch, hearing, smell, sight, taste, equilibrium

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11
Q

What is visceral sensory?

A

Unconscious senses like those in the blood vessels and internal organs.

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12
Q

Touch is also part of the ____________ which include vibrations, temperature and pain.

A

Somatosenses

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13
Q

The motor nervous system (efferent) sends impulses from the ______ to _________ and __________.

A

CNS; muscles; glands

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14
Q

What are the two systems the motor nervous system is divided into?

A
  1. Somatic motor (voluntary)

2. Autonomic motor (involuntary)

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15
Q

What are the effector organs of voluntary and involuntary motor systems?

A

Voluntary: skeletal muscle
Involuntary: cardiac and smooth muscle

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16
Q

What are the two distinct types of cells within the nervous system?

A

Neurons and glial cells

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17
Q

What is the structural and functional unit of the nervous system?

A

A neuron

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18
Q

Is a neuron electrically excitable?

A

Yes

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19
Q

What can neurons receive input from?

A

Sensory receptors and other neurons.

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20
Q

Glial cells are non-excitable cells that _________.

A

Support the neurons.

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21
Q

What are the three main structural regions of a neuron?

A
  1. Cell Body
  2. Dendrites
  3. Axon
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22
Q

What are two other structures of a neuron, found on the axon?

A

Myelin and Nodes of Ranvier

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23
Q

A neuron is a cell with usually ________ axon.

A

only one

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24
Q

What is myelin?

A

A fatty insulating substance.

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25
Q

What are the Nodes of Ranvier?

A

Gaps between myelin on the axon.

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26
Q

What is contained in the cell body?

A

Typical organelles such as: RER, SER, Gogli Apparatus, Lysosomes, Peroxisomes, etc.

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27
Q

What is a dendrite?

A

Short processes that branch from the cell body that receive nerve impulses or sensory input and carry the information to the cell body.

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28
Q

What is an axon?

A

A structure that transmits nerve impulses away from the cells body and to other cells.

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29
Q

What is the region where the axon connects to the cell body called?

A

Axon hillock

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30
Q

What is initiated at the axon hillock?

A

Action Potential (AP)

31
Q

What is an Action Potential?

A

An electrical event that travels down an axon, away from the cell body.

32
Q

List 3 structures associated with axons.

A
  1. Axon collaterals
  2. Synaptic knobs/terminals
  3. Synapses
33
Q

What is an axon collateral?

A

Side branches of the main axon.

34
Q

What is a synaptic knob/terminal?

A

Expanded regions at the tip of the axon.

35
Q

Where is the only place a synaptic knob is found?

A

At neuromuscular junctions only.

36
Q

What is a synapse?

A

The junction where an axon terminates and the nerve impulse is transmitted to another cell.

37
Q

What are the two types of synapses called?

A

Electrical and Chemical

38
Q

Electrical synapses use _______ to transfer impulses between cells.

A

gap junctions

39
Q

What is a chemical synapse?

A

A synapse that uses a chemical to facilitate communication between cells.

40
Q

What is the chemical that a chemical synapse use for communication called?

A

A neurotransmitter.

41
Q

What are seven of the most important neurotransmitters.

A
  1. GABA
  2. Glycine
  3. Glutamate
  4. Epinephrin
  5. Dopamine
  6. Seratonin
  7. Acetylcholine
42
Q

Describe the steps involved in a chemical synapse.

A
  1. An Action Potential down an axon triggers the release of a neurotransmitter (exocytosis).
  2. The neurotransmitter binds to specific receptors on the postsynaptic membrane (usually protein).
  3. This creates a postsynaptic event that increases or decreases the chance of the postsynaptic neuron having an action potential.
43
Q

What are the three structural classifications of neurons?

A
  1. Unipolar
  2. Bipolar
  3. Multipolar
44
Q

Describe a unipolar neuron.

A

Unipolar neurons have a single, short process that emerges from the cell body and branches like a T.

45
Q

Describe bipolar neurons.

A

Bipolar neurons have 2 processes that extend from the cell body - one axon and one dendrite.

46
Q

Describe a multipolar neuron.

A

Multipolar neurons are the most common type of neuron. They have multiple dendrites and one axon extending from the cell body.

47
Q

Give a functional example of a unipolar neuron?

A

Most sensory neurons (detect stimuli in the form of touch, pressure, temperature or chemicals)

48
Q

Give a functional example of a bipolar neuron?

A

Special sense neurons (e.g. in olfactory epithelium of the nose, retina of the eye)

49
Q

What are the three functional classifications of neurons?

A
  1. Sensory (afferent)
  2. Motor (efferent)
  3. Interneuron
50
Q

What is the function of interneurons?

A

To facilitate communication between sensory and motor neurons.

51
Q

What kind of neurons (sensory, motor or interneuron) are most likely to be found inside the CNS?

A

Motor and Interneurons

52
Q

What might initiate a signal in a nueron?

A

An action potential from another neuron or sensory stimuli.

53
Q

What kind of signal travels along a neuron?

A

An electrical signal.

54
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

A group of neuronal cell bodies in the PNS (Dorsal/Posterior Root Ganglion)

55
Q

What is another definition of nucleus?

A

A group of neuronal cell bodies inside the CNS.

56
Q

What is the difference between a neuron, a nerve and a tract?

A

A neuron is a nerve cell.

A nerve is a bundle of axons in the PNS traveling together.

A tract is a bundle of axons in the CNS.

57
Q

Where are glial cells found?

A

In both the CNS and PNS.

58
Q

What is the function of glial cells?

A

To protect and nourish neurons.

59
Q

Which are more numerous - glial cells or neurons?

A

glial cells

60
Q

What are the four types of glial cells in the CNS?

A
  1. Astrocytes
  2. Ependymal cells
  3. Microglial cells
  4. Oligodendrocytes
61
Q

What is the most abundant glial cell in the CNS?

A

Astrocytes

62
Q

What are the 5 functions of Astrocytes?

A
  1. Help to form the blood-brain barrier (BBB)
  2. Regulate tissue fluid compostion
  3. Form a structural network
  4. Replace damaged neurons
  5. Assist development of fetal neurons
63
Q

What is an ependymal cell?

A

A ciliated cuboidal epithelial cell that lines the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord.

64
Q

Ependymal cells + Capilaries = ?

A

Choroid Plexus

65
Q

What does the Choroid Plexus produce?

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid

66
Q

What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid?

A
  1. Buoyancy
  2. Protection
  3. Environmental Stability
67
Q

What are Microglial Cells?

A

Small, motile (mobile) cells.

68
Q

What is the function of microglial cells?

A

Microglial cells wander through the CNS and exhibit phagocytic activity, removing cellular debris from dead or dying cells (housecleaning).

69
Q

What are Oligodendrocytes?

A

Glial cells that produce myelin.

70
Q

Where are Oligodendrocytes found?

A

In CNS only.

71
Q

What glial cells wrap themselves around the axons like electrical tape wrapped around a wire?

A

Oligodendrocytes

72
Q

Does one oligodendrocyte produce myelin for just one axon?

A

No

73
Q

What are the two types of glial cells found in the PNS?

A
  1. Satellite cells

2. Schwann cells (Neurolemmocytes)

74
Q

What is the function of a satellite cell?

A

To surround the cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglion.

75
Q

What is the function of Schwann cells?

A

To make myelin in the PNS.

76
Q

How many axons can one Schwann cell make myelin for?

A

one

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