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From Flashcardlet > BMS 108 Ch. 02 What are we? > Flashcards

BMS 108 Ch. 02 What are we? Flashcards

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0
Q

Does the atomic number of an atom ever change?

A

No

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1
Q

What is the fluid bathing your cells called?

A

Interstitial fluid

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2
Q

What kind of chemicla bond involves sharing of electrons in the outer shell? How strong is it?

A

Covalent; strongest

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3
Q

Give an example of the most common polar molecule in the body. What makes it polar? What other types of chemical bonds is it involved in?

A

H2O; the electrons are shared unequally; hydrogen bonds

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4
Q

What kind of bonds dissociate in water?

A

ionic bonds

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5
Q

What type of molecules are hydrophillic? hydrophobic?

A

polar; nonpolar

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6
Q

What releases protons in a solution?

A

acids

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7
Q

What is the most important buffer system in the body? What is it’s job? Write out the chemical reaction.

A

Bicarbonate buffer system; prevents changes in blood pH;

H2O + CO2 <=> H2CO3 <=> H+ + HCO3-

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8
Q

What is the role of functional groups inserted on the hydrocarbon chains?

A

They are responsible for the unique chemical properties of a molecule.

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9
Q

What molecule is the monomer of carbohydrates? proteins? DNA?

A

Carbohydrates - monosaccharides
Proteins - amino acids
DNA - nucleotides

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10
Q

What roles do dehydration and hydrolysis reactions play in our body?

A

Dehydration builds bigger molecules and stores energy. Hydrolysis breaks down molecules.

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11
Q

What are the major types of lipids in our body? Which is: for fat storage? immediately available for use? used to make hormones? used in a regulatory role? the basis for cell membranes?

A

Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, prostaglandins;

Fat storage - triglycerides
Immediately available - Free fatty acids
Used to make hormones - steroids
Used in a regulatory role - prostaglandins
The basis of cell membranes - phospholipids

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12
Q

Which level of protein is most easily denatured?

A

Tertiary level

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13
Q

What type of bonds hold 2 strands of DNA together?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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14
Q

How many valence electrons does C (carbon) have? How many does it want?

A

4; 8

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15
Q

What is the smallest unit of chemical elements?

A

atoms

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16
Q

What are atoms composed of?

A

protons, neutrons and electrons

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17
Q

What parts of an atom contain a positive (+) charge and a negative (-) charge?

A

protons and electrons

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18
Q

What are the electron occupied shells outside the nucleus called?

A

orbitals

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19
Q

What is atomic mass?

A

Sum of protons and neutrons

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20
Q

What is atomic number?

A

Number of protons in an atom

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21
Q

What is an isotope?

A

Variants of an atom with a different number of neutrons

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22
Q

How many electrons can occupy the first orbital?

A

2

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23
Q

How many electrons can occupy the second orbital?

A

8

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24
Q

What are the electrons in the outer shell called?

A

valence electrons

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25
Q

How do chemical bonds form?

A

Chemical bonds for molecules form between valence electrons of atoms

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26
Q

What is the number of chemical bonds possible determined by?

A

the number of electrons needed to complete the outer shell

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27
Q

List the three types of chemical bonds from strongest to weakest.

A
  1. Covalent
  2. Ionic
  3. Hydrogen
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28
Q

What are covalent bonds?

A

chemical bonds in which atoms share electrons.

  • strongest chemical bond
  • can be polar or nonpolar
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29
Q

What is electronegativity?

A

is a chemical property that describes the tendency of an atom or a functional group to attract electrons towards itself

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30
Q

In nonpolar covalent bonds, electrons are shared _________. In polar covalent bonds, electrons are shared _________.

A

equally; unequally

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31
Q

Oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorous have a strong pull on electrons, therefore they are more _____________.

A

electronegative

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32
Q

What are ions?

A

Molecules in which valence electrons are transferred from one atom to another.
- forms charged atoms called ions (Na+, Cl-)

33
Q

What is a cation? an anion?

A

a positively charged ion; a negatively charged ion

34
Q

What are ionic bonds?

A

chemical bonds formed by the attraction between anions and cations

  • weaker than covalent bonds
  • dissociate when dissolved in H2O
35
Q

What are the two names for H+?

A

Hydrogen ion or proton

36
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

a chemical bond that occurs when a H forms a polar bond with another atom. The H is covalently bonded to a strongly electronegative atom and takes on a slight + charge which makes it attracted to other nearby negatively charged atoms.

  • forms between adjacent H2O; creates surface tension
  • bonds DNA strands together
  • weaker than ionic bonds
  • important in stabilizing many organic molecules
37
Q

What are hydrophillic molecules?

A

Molecules that are soluble in water (e.g. glucose, amino acids)

  • polar molecules
  • readily form hydration spheres
  • aka lipophobic
38
Q

What is a hydrophobic molecule?

A

a molecule not soluble in water (e.g. steroids, triglycerides)

  • nonpolar molecule
  • all lipids
  • cannot form hydration spheres
  • soluble in nonpolar solvents (not in human body)
  • aka lipophillic
39
Q

What is the difference between acids and bases?

A

Acids release protons (H+) into a solution (proton donors)

Bases lower H+ levels of a solution (proton acceptors)

40
Q

What does pH measure?

A

Represents the H+ concentration of a solution

41
Q

What is the normal pH range of human blood?

A

7.35-7.45

  • Acidosis occurs if pH is < 7.35
  • Alkalosis occurs if pH is > 7.45

The normal range is maintained by a buffer system

42
Q

What is a buffer?

A

Molecules that slow changes in pH by either combining with or releasing H+s

43
Q

What is the bicarbonate buffer system in the blood?

A

H2O + CO2 <=> H2CO3 <=> H+ + HCO3-

44
Q

What are the four major organic macromolecules?

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Proteins
  3. Lipids
  4. Nucleic Acids
45
Q

What are organic molecules?

A

Molecules of life.

- contain carbon and hydrogen

46
Q

What is a functional group?

A

Gives a hydrocarbon chain it’s unique properties; does things

47
Q

What is a monomer?

A

The basic building block of a molecule

48
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

Organic molecules containing carbon:hydrogen:oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1

49
Q

What is a monsaccharides?

A

The monomer of carbohydrates

- simple sugars with 3-7 carbons (e.g. glucose, fructose, galatose)

50
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

Two monosaccharides joined covalently.

51
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

Many monosaccharides linked together

  • energy storage molecules
  • allows organisms to store thousands of glucoses in 1 polysaccharide molecule, which dramatically reduces osmotic problems (less H2O drawn into the cell)
  • e.g. glycogen (stored in muscles and liver; water soluble)
52
Q

How are disaccharides formed?

A

formed by splitting water out of 2 monosaccharides (called dehydration or condensation; “making water”)
- an H+ and OH- are removed, producing H2O

53
Q

How are polysaccharides digested?

A

The reverse of dehydration synthesis.

  • H2O is split, H+ added to one monosaccharide, OH- to other (called hydrolysis; “breaking water”)
  • polysaccharides hydrolyzed into disaccharides, then monosaccharides
54
Q

What are the characteristics of lipids?

A

Nonpolar, hydrophobic molecules

- consist primarily of hydrocarbon chains and rings

55
Q

What are triglyerides?

A

a type of lipid that stores energy

  • formed by condensation (dehydration) of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids
  • better fuel storage than carbohydrates (glycogen)
56
Q

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated triglycerides (fat)?

A

Saturated - hydrocarbon chains of fatty acids are joined by single covalent bonds
Unsaturated - if there are double bonds within the hydrocarbon chain

57
Q

How do triglycerides release energy for the body to use?

A
  • hydrolysis of triglycerides releases free fatty acids
  • FFA can be used for energy (converted to Acetyl CoA & run through Krebs) or
  • be converted to ketone bodies in the liver
  • ketone bodies can be used as energy (converted to Acetyl CoA & run through Krebs)
58
Q

Are ketone bodies acidic or basic?

A

acidic

59
Q

What is ketoacidosis?

A

When ketone bodies lower blood pH

60
Q

What are the four main types of lipids in the body?

A
  1. Triglycerides
  2. Phospholipids
  3. Steroids
  4. Prostaglandins
61
Q

What are phospholipids?

A

Lipids that contain a phosphate group

  • the phosphate part is polar and hydrophilic
  • lipid part is non-polar and hydrophobic
62
Q

The plasma cell membrane is also called a ___________________.

A

Phospholipid bilayer

63
Q

Phospholipids are _____________ (molecule has hydrophobic and hydrophilic portions).

A

amphipathic

64
Q

What are steroids?

A

A type of lipid made of 2 joined carbon rings

  • cholesterol is the precursor for all steroids
  • e.g. cortisol, estrogen, testosterone, progesterone
65
Q

What are prostaglandins?

A

Fatty acids with a cyclic hydrocarbon group

  • produced by most tissues
  • serve many regulatory functions
66
Q

What are proteins?

A

Long chains of amino acids held together by peptide bonds

67
Q

What are some of the functions of proteins in the body?

A
  • help determine cellular structure
  • function as enzymes and antibodies
  • form receptors on cell membranes
  • transporters and carriers are normally proteins
68
Q

How many different amino acids are there?

A

about 20

69
Q

What are amino acids composed of?

A

an amino group (NH2)
a carboxyl group (COOH)
a hydrocarbon (CH)
and a functional group (R)

70
Q

What is a polypeptide chain?

A

A group of amino acids linked by peptide bonds with < 100 amino acids

71
Q

How many amino acids must be linked before a polypeptide chain becomes a protein?

A

> 100 amino acids

72
Q

Peptide bonds are formed using what kind of reaction? (dehydration/hydrolysis)

A

dehydration

73
Q

What are the four levels of structure that describe a protein?

A
  1. Primary - polypeptide strand
  2. Secondary - a helix or b-pleated sheet
  3. Tertiary - 3D shape (weakest)
  4. Quaternary - number of polypeptide chains covalently joined
74
Q

What are DNA and RNA composed of?

A

Nucleic acids

75
Q

What is the function of DNA and RNA?

A

To transmit genetic information

76
Q

What are nucleotides?

A
  • monomers of DNA & RNA
  • consist of a phosphate group, a 5 carbon sugar and a nitrogenous base
  • only 4 in DNA (Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine)
77
Q

Describe the structure of DNA.

A
  • contained in the cell nucleus
  • the sugar and phosphate form the backbone
  • the nitrogenous bases are linked by hydrogen bonds
  • each nucleotide can only pair with one other (A-T, C-G)
  • the two strands of DNA twist to form a double helix (“twisted ladder”)
78
Q

What is the difference between RNA and DNA?

A
  • RNA uses ribose as a sugar, instead of deoxyribose
  • RNA uses uracil (U) instead of Thymine (T) as a base pair
  • single stranded, instead of double stranded
79
Q

DNA performs “transcription” and RNA performs “translation”. What is the difference?

A

Transcription “same language” DNA => RNA

Translation “different language” RNA => protein

80
Q

What are the three types of RNA, synthesized from DNA, that allow it to direct activities of a cell?

A
  1. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
  2. Transfer RNA (tRNA)
  3. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

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