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From Flashcardlet > BMS 108 Ch. 05 Cell Metabolism and Respiration > Flashcards

BMS 108 Ch. 05 Cell Metabolism and Respiration Flashcards

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0
Q

What is the 2nd law of thermodynamics?

A

Energy transformation increases entropy.

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1
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

Energy can only be transformed but cannot be created or destroyed.

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2
Q

What is entropy?

A

The degree of disorganization of a system

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3
Q

What is free energy?

A

Energy in an organized state that can be used to do work. In humans it’s ATP

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4
Q

What are some characteristics of Endergonic reactions?

A
  • Energy required
  • Anabolism (building big molecules)
  • Product has more free energy than reactants
  • e.g. making glycogen out of glucose
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5
Q

What are some characteristics of Exergonic reactions?

A
  • Energy releasing
  • Catabolism (breaking big molecules)
  • Product has less energy than free energy
  • e.g. hydrolyzing glycogen into glucose
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6
Q

Why do we continually need to take in new energy?

A

Cells require free energy input from the environment in order to buck entropy and remain highly organized.

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7
Q

Is catabolism an endorgonic or excergonic reaction? Is it more likely to use a hydrolysis or condensation reaction?

A

Exergonic; Hydrolysis

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8
Q

What is the difference between oxidation and reduction?

A 
Oxidation = loss of electrons
Reduction = gain of electrons

Oxidation and reduction are ALWAYS coupled reactions. They often involve transfers of hydrogen atoms instead of electrons.

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9
Q

What are the two coenzymes that play an important roles in carrying H?

A

NAD and FAD

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10
Q

Are FAD and NAD+ the oxidized form or reduced form on their respective enzymes?

A

Oxidized

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11
Q

How does NAD+ and FAD get to a reduced form that is ready to shuttle around electrons?

A

NAD+ + 2H = NADH + H+

FAD + 2H = FADH2

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12
Q

What is metabolism?

A

All reactions in the body that involve energy transformation.

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13
Q

All metabolism can be divided into two categories, what are they?

A

Catabolism: breaks down molecules and releases energy; primary source of energy for making ATP

Anabolism: makes larger molecules and requires energy; source of the body’s large energy-storage compounds

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14
Q

Define Glycolysis.

A

The metabolic pathway by which glucose is converted into 2 pyruvic acid (breaking sugar)

Other products: Net 2ATP and 2NADH

Exergonic, anaerobic

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15
Q

Before glycolysis can happen, glucose must be activated by 2 ATP. This process also traps the glucose molecule inside the cell. What is this process called?

A

Phosphoralation

*Phosphoralated organic molecules cannot cross the plasma cell membrane.

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16
Q

In order for glycolysis to continue, NAD+ needs to be refreshed. The NADHs produced in the initial glycolysis phase need to give away Hs. What is this pathway called?

A

Lactic Acid Pathway

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17
Q

Is NAD reduced or oxidized during glycolysis? During anaerobic respiration? Why?

A

Reduced; Oxidized; In order for glycolysis to continue

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18
Q

How does lactic acid form?

A

In absence of O2, NADH (reduced form) gives its Hs to pyruvic acid forming lactic acid and NAD (oxidized form)

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19
Q

Glycolysis + lactic acid pathway = ?

A

anaerobic metabolism

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20
Q

Why do red blood cells only used the lactic acid pathway?

A

Because they have no mitochondria

21
Q

During heavy exercise or with vascular blockage, are your cells using aerobic or anaerobic metabolism?

A

Anaerobic metabolism

22
Q

Why can’t cells store many free glucose molecules?

A

for osmotic reasons

23
Q

What is Glycogenesis?

A

Making glucose into glycogen

24
Q

Where is glycogen stored?

A

In the liver and skeletal muscles.

25
Q

What is Glycogenolysis?

A

Clipping glucose 6-phosphate out of glycogen

26
Q

Phosphate groups trap glucose in cells (in skeletal muscles) but, the ________ has an enzyme to remove the P-group and can secrete glucose into the blood stream for other cells.

A

liver

27
Q

What is Gluconeogenesis?

A

Making glucose out of a noncarbohydrate source.

e.g. lactic acid, amino acid, glycerol

28
Q

What is the Corti cycle an example of?

A

Gluconeogenesis

29
Q

What is the Corti cycle?

A

Converting lactic acid > pyruvic acid > glucose 6-phosphate > glycogen; done in the liver

30
Q

What are the three major stages of aerobic cellular respiration?

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Krebs Cycle
  3. Oxidative Phosphorylation
31
Q

Describe stage 1, Glycolysis.

A
  • Occurs in cytoplasm

- Converts glucose to pyruvic acid and produces a small amount of ATP

32
Q

What happens to pyruvic acid when it enters the mitochondria?

A
  • CO2 is clipped off pyruvic acid forming Acetyl CoA
  • CO2 waste goes to lungs
  • 1 NADH is formed
  • Acetyl CoA enters the Krebs Cycle
33
Q

Describe stage 2, the Krebs cycle.

A
  • Acetyl CoA enters the Krebs cycle
  • Produces 1 ATP, 3 NADH and 1 FADH2
  • 2 CO2 released as waste
  • NADH and FADH2 carry electrons to the Electron Transport Chain in stage 3
34
Q

Describe stage 3, Oxidative Phosphorylation.

A
  • Most ATP production occurs in this stage
  • NADH & FADH2 carry electrons down the Electron Transport Chain to O2, which picks up a H+
  • H2O is formed as a product
  • Energy released by redox (oxidation-reduction) actively transport (up the concentration gradient) H+ across the membrane from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space
  • H+ then diffuses back down the concentration gradient via ATP synthases
  • ATP synthases act like turbines and attach phosphate groups to ADP producing ATP (Chemiosmosis)
35
Q

What are some major differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

A

Aerobic requires O2 and mitrochondria

Aerobic produces more ATP

36
Q

What is lipogenesis?

A

Fatty Acids + Glycerol = Triglyeride

Where: Liver, adipocytes

Rich energy source

37
Q

What is the role of oxygen in aerobic respiration? Is CO2 from alteration of O2 or sugar?

A

It is the final electron acceptor in oxidative phosphorylation; sugar

38
Q

Is most ATP made by substrate level?

A

No

39
Q

What is lipolysis?

A

Triglyceride => Fatty Acids + Glycerol

Hydrolysis reaction

  • Glycerol can be converted to glucose via Gluconeogenesis
    • Fatty Acids can be converted to Acetyl CoA and run through the Krebs cycle
40
Q

Acetyl CoA is a ___________ substrate for energy and sythetic pathways.

A

common

41
Q

Following lipolysis, what can our bodies do with the fatty acids?

A

Fatty acids can be made into Acetyl CoA and run through Krebs

42
Q

Proteins can be broken down into ________ ______.

A

Amino acids

43
Q

What two ways can protein be used as an energy source?

A
  1. Amino acids can be modified (deaminated) and run through Krebs
  2. Be made into glucose via Gluconeogenesis
44
Q

What is the difference between essential and nonessential amino acids?

A

Essential amino acids are not produced by the body and must be ingested.

45
Q

For amino acid metabolism, ____ needs to remain in balance.

A

Nitrogen

46
Q

Nitrogen is primarily ingested through _______.

A

protein

47
Q

What is excess nitrogen secreted as?

A

urea (urine)

48
Q

What is the process of making new amino acids called?

A

transamination

49
Q

What is the specific term for gluconeogenesis that turns lactic acid back to glucose in the liver?

A

the Corti cycle

50
Q

Which molecules are the most important energy source for each of the following: brain, muscles (resting), heart and liver? In the absence of glucose, what is the only other substance the brain can use?

A

Brain: glucose
Muscle: fatty acids
Liver: fatty acids
Heart: fatty acids

Ketone bodies

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