BMS 108 Ch. 08 Central Nervous System

Question 0

What is the basal ganglia?

Answer 0

Distinct masses of cell bodies located deep inside cerebrum plus some midbrain structures.

Question 1

The _____ _____ is a collection of brain regions crucial for emotions.

Answer 1

limbic system

Question 2

What is another name for basal ganglia?

Answer 2

basal nuclei

Question 3

What is the function of the basal ganglia?

Answer 3

Its function is to control voluntary movement, although ultimate commands come from motor cortex.

Question 4

In the basal ganglia, dopamine projections extend from the midbrain to the __________.

Answer 4

forebrain

Question 5

Basal ganglia have reciprocal excitatory connections with the cerebral cortex that create a _______ _______.

Answer 5

motor circuit

Question 6

Which collection of nuclei use dopamine to help regulate motor control?

Answer 6

Basal ganglia

Question 7

Damage to the basal ganglia is associated with what two diseases?

Answer 7

Parkinson’s and Huntington’s disease

Question 8

What are the two types of dopamine neurons in the basal ganglia?

Answer 8

Motor and Mesolimbic

Question 9

Motor dopamine neurons connect the _______ _______ to forebrain structures.

Answer 9

substantia nigra

Question 10

Mesolimbic dopamine neurons originate in the _______ _______ _______ (VTA) and are involved in reward and addiction.

Answer 10

ventral tegmental area

Question 11

What is a symtom of schizophrenia in the mesolimbic neurons of the basal ganglia?

Answer 11

too much dopamine

Question 12

Can drug abuse cause dopamine release?

Answer 12

yes

Question 13

What is a dendritic spine?

Answer 13

a projection from a dendrite that receives impulses from an axon.

Question 14

What are the two types of memory?

Answer 14

short term and long term

Question 15

How many items can you hold in short term memory?

Answer 15

7-9

Question 16

What is consolidation?

Answer 16

Turning short term memories into long term memories.

Question 17

What are the two types of long-term memory?

Answer 17

Declarative and non-declarative

Question 18

What is declarative long-term memory?

Answer 18

Verbal or statable memories

Question 19

What are non-declarative long-term memories?

Answer 19

Procedural memories; simple skills and conditioning.

Question 20

Amnesiacs have an impaired ________ memory.

Answer 20

declarative

Question 21

What are the two types of amnesia? What impact does each type have on memory?

Answer 21

Retrograde amnesia - trouble remembering the past (old memories)
Anterograde amnesia - trouble forming new memories

Question 22

What are the two brain structures most responsible for acquiring memories?

Answer 22

Hippocampus and amygdala

Question 23

What is the function of the hippocampus?

Answer 23

Acquire new memories and consolidation short-term memories into long-term memories.

Question 24

Where are memories stored?

Answer 24

In the cerebral hemispheres

Question 25

What is the mechanism of memory called?

Answer 25

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

Question 26

How does LTP make memories?

Answer 26

by strengthening the relationship between two neurons

Question 27

Describe the process of LTP.

Answer 27

1. Glutamate binds to AMPA and NMDA receptors
2. AMPA channels open, Na+ enters the postsynaptic cell
3. Depolarization releases Mg++ block on the NMDA receptors
4. NMDA channels open and Ca++ enters the cell
5. Ca++ activates 2nd messenger system and causes 3 changes:
   A. leads to insertion of more AMPA receptors
   B. NO (Nitric Oxide) diffuses retrograde and increases glutamine release
   C. Postsynaptic Ca++ increases transcription, which increases the number of dendritic spines

Question 28

What is the most important structure for homeostasis?

Answer 28

hypothalamus

Question 29

What does the hypothalamus contains neural centers for?

Answer 29

Hunger
Thirst
Body Temp

Question 30

What does the hypothalmus regulate?

Answer 30

1. Sleep
2. Emotions
3. Sexual arousal
4. Anger
5. Fear
6. Pain
7. Pleasure

Question 31

The hypothalamus is part of the _______ ________.

Answer 31

Limbic system

Question 32

The hypothalamus also has an intimate relationship with the _______ ______ of the endocrine system.

Answer 32

pituitary gland

Question 33

What is an Electroencephalogram (EEG)? What can you use it for?

Answer 33

A measurement of electrical activity of the brain; measures epilepsy and brain death; measures sleep and alertness states.

Question 34

What are the brain waves measured by an EEG the result of?

Answer 34

EPSPs & IPSPs

Question 35

What are four types of brain waves?

Answer 35

Alpha
Beta
Theta
Delta

Question 36

What are alpha waves?

Answer 36

brain waves present when awake, relaxed with eyes closed.

Question 37

What are beta waves?

Answer 37

“Evoked activity” brain waves produced by visual stimuli and mental activity. They respond to stimuli from receptors and are superimposed on the continuous activity patterns already present.

Question 38

What are theta waves?

Answer 38

A brain wave pattern common in newborns but if present in adults it is a sign of severe emotional stress and forewarns of a nervous breakdown.

Question 39

What are delta waves?

Answer 39

Occurs during non-REM sleep in adults and are present in awake infants. Presence in awake adults indicates brain damage.

Question 40

What are the two types of sleep?

Answer 40

REM and non-REM

Question 41

What is REM sleep?

Answer 41

Rapid Eye Movement; wave patterns look similar to awake ones; dreaming occurs during this type of sleep.

Question 42

What is non-REM sleep?

Answer 42

delta wave pattern; believed to be crucial for consolidation of short- into long-term memory.

Question 43

What are some characteristics of epilepsy?

Answer 43

abnormal, excessive or synchronous neural activity; frequent seizures.