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From Flashcardlet > BMS 108 Ch. 09 Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

BMS 108 Ch. 09 Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

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0
Q

What are the two major divisions of the ANS?

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

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1
Q

The Autonomic Nervous System manages our _________.

A

physiology

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2
Q

ANS controls ______ _______.

A

smooth muscle

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3
Q

What are the effects of sympathetic innervation?

A

Increased HR & respiratory rate, dilation of pupils, vasoconstriction (increased BP) and stimulation of glycogenolysis (catabolism of glycogen for energy production)

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4
Q

What are the effects of parasympathetic innervation?

A

Decreased HR, constriction of pupils, decreased respiration rate, increased blood flow to the viscera.

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5
Q

Smooth muscle maintains a resting ________ (small amount of contraction) in absence of nerve stimulation.

A

tone

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6
Q

Many types of smooth muscle are spontaneously active and contract without ANS input, like _____ ________. ANS input simply _______ or __________ intrinsic activity.

A

gap junctions; increases; decreases

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7
Q

How many neurons does the ANS have in its efferent pathway?

A

2

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8
Q

What are these two neurons called?

A

preganglionic and postganglionic

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9
Q

The postganglionic axon extends from the autonomic ganglion to the ______ ______.

A

target tissue

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10
Q

What are target tissues?

A

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands

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11
Q

Sympathetic NS is characterized by a ______, __________ preganglionic neuron and a ________ postganglionic neuron.

A

short, branched; long

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12
Q

Sympathetic NS neurons exit the spinal column between ____ and _____.

A

T1; L2

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13
Q

In the sympathetic NS, most preganglionic neurons synapse on postganglionic neurons in the ________ _______.

A

paravertebral ganglia

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14
Q

What is another name for the paravertebral ganglia?

A

sympathetic ganglionic chain

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15
Q

What are the three things needed for mass activation?

A
  1. Divergence
  2. Convergence
  3. Epinephrine
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16
Q

What is divergence?

A

preganglionic branch to synapse with a number of postganglionic neurons

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17
Q

What is convergence?

A

Postganglionic neurons receive synaptic input from a large number of preganglionic neurons

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18
Q

Some postganglionics do not synapse in the paravertebral ganlion, but go to outlying _________ ________.

A

collateral ganglion

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19
Q

Some preganglionic neurons go all the way to the ________ _______.

A

adrenal medulla

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20
Q

The adrenal medulla, located in the adrenal gland on top of the kidney, appears to be a modified _______ ________.

A

collateral ganglion

21
Q

The adrenal medulla’s secretory cells appear to be modified ________ ______.

A

postganglionic neurons

22
Q

The adrenal medulla releases 85% ________ and 15% ______ into the bloodstream in response to preganglionic stimulation.

A

epinephrine; norepinephrine

23
Q

The adrenal is stimulated during ______ _________.

A

mass activation

24
Q

Where do Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons originate?

A

Midbrain, medulla oblongata, pons and S2-S4

25
Q

Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons synapse in _________ ________ located next to or within a target organ.

A

terminal ganglia

26
Q

Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons have ______ axons that innervate the target organ.

A

short

27
Q

The long ________ _______ carries most of the parasympathetic fibers.

A

Vagus Nerve (CN X)

28
Q

What do the preganglionic fibers from S2-4 innervate?

A

large intestine, rectum, urinary tract and reproductive system

29
Q

What neurotransmitter does the sympathetic preganglionic neurons release? Postganglionic?

A

ACh; NE

30
Q

What neurotransmitter does the parasympathetic preganglionic neurons release? Postganglionic?

A

ACh; ACh

31
Q

What are synapses that use NE called?

A

adrenergic

32
Q

NE causes both excitation and inhibition depending on ______ ______.

A

receptor type

33
Q

What are the major subtypes of adrenergic receptors?

A

Alpha and beta

34
Q

Both alpha and beta subtypes of adrenergic receptors use ______ _______ ________.

A

2nd messenger system

35
Q

Why do these receptors use a 2nd messenger system?

A

Causes a massive amplification of the original signal. This more that makes up for the inherent delay in a 2nd messenger system.

36
Q

What is the result of binding NE to alpha-1 adrenergic receptors?

A

vasoconstriction of the viscera and skin

37
Q

What is the result of binding NE to beta-1 adrenergic receptors?

A

Increased HR and contractility

38
Q

What are beta blocker drugs used for? What are their side effects?

A

Beta-blockers (antagonists) inhibit the ability of NE to bind to beta-1 receptors and thus suppress HR and decrease BP. Beta-blockers also bind to beta-2 receptors which are responsible for vasodilation of the bronchioles in the lungs. This causes a side effect of shortness of breath and asthma-like symptoms. Beta-2 agonists, on the other hand, are used as bronchiole dilators.

39
Q

What is cholinergic stimulation?

A

Release of the NT ACh for innervation.

40
Q

Where is ACh used?

A

All motor neuron synapses on skeletal muscle
All preganglionic neurons
Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

41
Q

What are two cholinergic receptor subtypes?

A

nicotinic and muscarinic

42
Q

Nicotinic receptors are stimulated by ________. Muscarinic receptors are stimulated by __________.

A

nicotine; muscarine

43
Q

Postganglionic neurons have unusual synapses called ____________.

A

varicosities

44
Q

What makes varicosities unusual?

A

They release NTs along a length of axon (synapses en passant or passing)

45
Q

Most visceral organs receive ______ _________. They are usually __________, e.g. controlling HR.

A

dual innervation; antagonistic

46
Q

How do organs without dual innervation regulate?

A

by increasing/decreasing firing rate.

e.g. adrenal medulla, arrector pili muscle, sweat glands and most blood vessels receive only sympathetic input.

47
Q

What controls the ANS?

A

The medulla oblongata

48
Q

What does the medulla specifically control in the ANS?

A

cardiovascular, pulmonary, urinary, reproductive and digestive systems

49
Q

What does the hypothalamus control in the ANS?

A

hunger, thirst, body temperature and regulates the medulla

50
Q

What does the limbic system control in the ANS?

A

Visceral responses that reflect emotional states.

51
Q

Does the cerebral cortex and cerebellum influence the ANS?

A

yes

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