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From Flashcardlet > BMS 108 Ch. 13 Blood, Heart and Circulation > Flashcards

BMS 108 Ch. 13 Blood, Heart and Circulation Flashcards

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0
Q

What two other systems does the circulatory system encompass?

A

cardiovascular and lymphatic systems

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1
Q

What is the function of the circulatory system?

A
  1. Transportation of respiratory gases
  2. Delivery of nutrients and hormones
  3. Waste removal
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2
Q

What does the cardiovascular system contribute to the circulatory system?

A

Heart pumps blood through the cardiovascular system

Blood vessels carry blood from the heart to the cells and back (arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins)

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3
Q

What does the lymphatic system contribute to the circulatory system?

A

Picks up excess fluid filtered out in the capillary beds and returns it to the veins

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4
Q

Blood consists of ______ _____ (cells) suspended and carried in _______ (fluid part).

A

formed elements; plasma

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5
Q

What is the appoximate total blood volume in a person?

A

5 liters

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6
Q

What does plasma consist of?

A

H2O and dissolved solutes (ions, proteins, small organic molecules, hormones, antibodies)

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7
Q

What percentage of blood plamsa in composed of plasma proteins?

A

7-9%

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8
Q

What are the three major types of plasma protein?

A
  1. albumin
  2. globulin
  3. fibrinogen
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9
Q

How much of the proteins in plasma is albumin?

A

60%

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10
Q

What is the primary function of albumin?

A

It has a large effect on osmotic pressure, thereby regulating blood volume.

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11
Q

What is another name for osmotic pressure?

A

colloid pressure

oncotic pressure

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12
Q

What is the function of globulin?

A

lipid transport (including fat soluble vitamins)

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13
Q

What is the function of fibrinogen?

A

fibrinogen is affected by the enzyme thrombin and forms into fibrin. Fibrin is used for blood clotting.

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14
Q

What is another name for platelets?

A

thrombocytes

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15
Q

What are platelets?

A

The smallest of formed elements.

Lack nucleus, they are not true cells.

They are fragments from bone marrow.

Constitute the most mass of blood clots

Survive for 5-9 days

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16
Q

What is hemostasis?

A

Cessation of bleeding

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17
Q

What are the reactions initiated by an injured blood vessel?

A
  1. Platelets release serotonin, which cause vasoconstriction to the injured area.
  2. Platelet plug forms by binding to the exposed collagen - plug and surrounding area are infiltrated by a web of fibrin forming a clot
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18
Q

What is a “platelet release reaction”?

A

Platelets stick to collagen and release ADP, serotonin and thomboxane A2

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19
Q

What are all the components needed to form a blood clot?

A
  1. Platelets
  2. RBCs
  3. Fibrin
  4. Calcium
  5. Vitamin K
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20
Q

What process does the platelet plug undergo to form a more compact plug?

A

plug contraction

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21
Q

Why are calcium and vitamin k needed to form blood clots?

A

Vitamin K and Calcium are required to allow the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin.

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22
Q

How does a blood clot go away?

A

Specific body chemicals eventually dissolve the clot.

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23
Q

What are anticoagulants?

A

“blood thinners”

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24
Q

Does an anticoagulant work by changing the viscosity of the blood?

A

no

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25
Q

What are four common anticoagulants?

A
  1. EDTA or sodium citrate - Ca++ chelator (soaks up extra Ca++)
  2. Coumatin/Warfarin - blocks vitamin K activity
  3. Heparin - blocks thrombin activity
  4. Aspirin - inhibits platelet release reaction
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26
Q

What is Erythropoiesis?

A

Making new RBCs

27
Q

How fast is erythropoeisis?

A

2.5 million RBCs per second

28
Q

How long does an RBC last?

A

120 days

29
Q

How are RBCs removed from the blood?

A

Removed by phagocytic cells in liver, spleen (where RBCs go to die) and bone marrow.

30
Q

Why do RBCs have a biconcave shape?

A

increases surface area, which increases diffusion rates for O2 & CO2

31
Q

Do RBCs have organelles?

A

no

32
Q

How many hemoglobin molecules are in each RBC? How many O2 molecules per hemoglobin molecule? How many O2 molecules per RBC?

A

280 million; 4; more than a billion

33
Q

Why are RBCs red?

A

iron

34
Q

What are the two types of blood circulation?

A

pulmonary and systemic

35
Q

What circulatory system does the right ventricle pump blood to? left ventricle?

A

pulmonary; systemic

36
Q

Where does blood in the pulmonary circulatory system go? systemic?

A

lungs; body

37
Q

Which ventricle works harder?

A

left - pumping to systemic is 5-7x greater&raquo_space; left is 3-4x more muscular than right

38
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

The repeating pattern of contraction and relaxation of the heart

39
Q

What is systole?

A

Contraction phase of cardiac cycle

40
Q

What is diastole?

A

Relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle. When the heart chambers refill with blood.

41
Q

What are the heart sounds?

A

Atrial contraction, followed by ventricular contraction 0.1-0.2 sec later.

42
Q

What is End-diastolic volume?

A

Volume at the end of the relaxation phase

43
Q

What is End-systolic volume?

A

Volume at the end of the contraction phase.

44
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

Amount of blood ejected from the ventricle during contraction

45
Q

Describe the 2 stages of the cardiac cycle in systole.

A
  1. Isovolumetric contraction - no change in volume, P ventricles < P arteries (SL valve closed), P ventricles > P atria (AV valves closed)
  2. Ejection - P ventricles > P arteries (SL valve open), P ventricles > P atria (AV valves closed)
46
Q

Describe the 3 stages of diastole in the cardiac cycle.

A
  1. Isovolumetric Relaxation - P ventricles < P arteries (SL valve closed), P ventricles > P atria (AV valves closed)
  2. Rapid Filling - P ventricles < P arteries (SL valve closed), P ventricles < P atria (AV valves open)
  3. Atrial contraction - P ventricles < P arteries (SL valve closed), P ventricles < P atria (AV valves open)
47
Q

Describe the cardiac cycle.

A
  1. Ventricles begin to contract increasing Pv, closing the AV valves (Isovolumetric contraction; systole)
  2. When Pv > Par, SL valves open and ejection begins (Ejection; systole)
  3. When Par > Pv, backflow causes the SL valves to close, AV valves are still closed (Isovolumetric relaxation; diastole)
  4. When Patr > Pv, AV valves open filling the ventricles with blood, SL valves still closed (Rapid Filling; diastole)
  5. Artial contraction (systole) pushes more blood into the ventricles; Patr > Pv, AV valves open; Part > Pv, SL valves still closed,
48
Q

What is a myocardium?

A

The entire muscle that forms a chamber.

49
Q

What does functional syncytium mean?

A

The myocardium acts as one

50
Q

The chambers of the heart are separated by _______ _______.

A

nonconductive tissue

51
Q

What is another name for a myocardial cell?

A

myocyte

52
Q

In a normal heart the _____ _______ functions as a pacemaker.

A

SA node

53
Q

What is a pacemaker potential?

A

A simultaneous depolarization to threshold in the SA node.

54
Q

How fast does the SA node cause the heart to beat (on it’s own)?

A

100 bpm

55
Q

Describe how the SA node generates APs.

A
  1. Membrane voltage begins at -60mV and gradually depolarizes to -40mV
  2. Spontaneous depolarization is caused by Na+ flowing through channels that open when hyperpolarized (HCN channels)
  3. At threshold, VG Ca++ channels open, creating upstroke and contraction (Ca++ instead of Na+)
  4. Repolarization is via opening of VG K+ channels (K+ leaves because of chemical and electrical drive)
56
Q

Desribe the function of the Atrioventricular Node.

A
  1. also spontaneously active with SA Node
  2. slower than SA node
  3. AV node is stimulated to produce APs by SA node before spontaneously depolarizing to threshold
  4. If APs from SA node don’t reach AV node, AV node will generate APs on its own.
57
Q

What is a HCN channel? What is another name for HCN channels?

A

HCN channels are Hyperpolarized CyclicNucleotide channels that are opened via hyperpolarization instead of depolarization; AKA Funny Channels

58
Q

What ions are HCN channels permeable to? Which has a greater drive? Why?

A

Na+ and K+; Na+; further from equilibrium potential

59
Q

Describe Myocardial APs.

A
  1. myocardial cells have a RMP of -90mV
  2. depolarized to threshold by APs originating in SA Node
  3. Upstroke occurs as VG Na+ channels open
  4. MP rapidly declines to +15mV and stays there for 200-300 msec (plateau phase)
  5. Repolarization due to opening of additional slow VG K+ channels
60
Q

What causes the plateau phase?

A

Results from balance between slow VG CA++ influx and K+ efflux

61
Q

What is excitation-contraction coupling?

A

The mechanism by which myocardial APs generate contraction in cardiac muscle using Calcium Induced Calcium Release (CICR).

62
Q

Describe the mechanism of Excitation-Contraction Coupling.

A
  1. Depolarization of myocardial cells open VG Ca++ channels in sarcolemma
  2. Influx of Ca++ from ECF initiates CICR from SR via ryanodine receptors. (Most Ca++ for contraction comes from SR)
  3. Ca++ binds to troponin and allows crossbridges (contraction)
  4. Ca++ is removed via 2 methods - Ca++ ATPase pump (SR) and Ca++/Na+ exchange (Secondary Active Transport; ECF)
63
Q

How long does the heart’s AP last? How long is the refractory period? Why?

A

250 msec; almost as long as AP; to allow time for refilling of heart chambers

64
Q

How are arteries different from veins? Where does most peripheral resistance arise from?

A

Arteries are elastic and muscular; Veins are thin, and have valves

Peripheral resistance is mostly caused by arterioles

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