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BMS LECTURE > BMS exam 3 > Flashcards

BMS exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Malassezia

A

tiny lipid-loving yeasts; aerobic gram-positive bacteria of staphylococcus and micrococcus
- tolerate 5-10% salt

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2
Q

Diphtheroids

A

pleomorphic gram-positive rods
- corynebacterium and propionibacterium

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3
Q

Folliculitis

A

infection of the hair follicle
pathogen: staphylococcus aureus

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4
Q

Virulence factors of Folliculitis

A

Coagulase- blood clots
Hyaluronidase- breaks down hyaluronic acid
Staphlokinase- dissolves clots
Lipases- digests sebum
B- lactamase- inactivates antibodies
Protein A- binds to igG blocking its activity
Leukocidin- kills white blood cells
Toxic shock syndrome
Exfoliate toxin

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5
Q

Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome

A

Pathogen: Staphylococcus aureus
primary infects infants, children under 5, and immunocompromised patients
- treatment: sloughing of the skin

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6
Q

Impetigo and Erysipelas

A

Pathogen: streptococcus pyogenes
- small red patches on the skin( oz and puss)
- effects children 2-5 most commonly
virulence factors: M protein interferes with complement and phagocytosis, have hyaluronic capsule, and cause widespread shock and rash

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7
Q

Necrotizing Fascitis- flesh-eating strep

A

Pathogen: streptococcus pyogenes; this pathogen also secretes Exotoxin A (overacting immune system) and Streptolysin( cell destruction)

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8
Q

Acne

A

Pathogen: propionibacterium acnes
treatment: doxycycline and benzoyl peroxide

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9
Q

Cat scratch disease

A

Pathogen: bartonella henselae
Treatment: azithromycin

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10
Q

Pseudomonas infection

A

opportunist pathogen in burn wound victims otherwise unable to bypass physical and chemical defenses rarely causing diseases.

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11
Q

Rocky Mountain spotted fever- RMSF

A

Pathogen: Ricjettsia rickettsii
arthropod-borne microbe (tick)
non itchy spotted rash

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12
Q

Cutaneous Anthrax

A

Pathogen: Bacillus anthracis
- produces a solid skin nodule spreads forming a swollen black crusty ulcer called eschar

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13
Q

Gas Gangrene

A

Pathogen: Clostridium perfringes
intense pain, blackening of muscle and skin
- within a week of shock, kidney failure of death can occur
- requires a traumatic event to initiate infection(gunshot wound)
- treatment: large doses of IV and oxygen applied

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14
Q

Poxviruses: smallpox, compox, and monkeypox

A

Pathogen: variola virus
pathogenesis: close contact or inhalation of pathogen
eradicated in 1980
- no treatments

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15
Q

Herpes infections

A

Pathogen: herpes simplex virus 1 and 2
- flu-like symptoms
- can be spread from mother to fetus
- can be latent but you will always have it

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16
Q

Warts

A

Pathogen: papillomavirus - 60 different strains
- generally painless but may itch
takes 3-4months to appear
can be removed through surgery, freezing, cauterization, laser to caustic chemicals

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17
Q

Chickenpox and shingles

A

Pathogen: varicella-zoster virus (VZV)
- high contagious
- virus becomes latent in sensory nerves with reactivation in 15-20% in individuals
- most often seen in children

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18
Q

Rubella

A

Also called German measles or 3-day measles
can cause birth defects in babies
- no treatment; immunization available

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19
Q

Mealses

A

Also known as Rubeola or red measles
- Koplik spots appear
complications such as SSPE ( subacute sclerosing panencephalitis) - which causes changes personality change, loss of memory, muscle spasms blindness, and death
- no treatment; MMR vaccine av

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20
Q

Erythema Infeciosum

A

Pathogen: parvovirus
known as 5ths disease; similar structure to herpes
no treatment

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21
Q

Roseola

A

rose colored rash
Caused by human herpes virus 6 HHV-6

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22
Q

Coxsackievirus infection

A

Pathogen: coxsackie A virus
another type of Coxsackie is hand-foot-mouth disease

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23
Q

meningitis

A

inflammation of the meninges
- specimen of choice is a lumbar puncture or spinal tap , obtains cerebral fluid for gram stain
- can use broad spectrum antibiotic

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24
Q

Neisseria Meningitidis

A

Forms lesions known as petechiae
highest risk groups are children 6-36 months and children and young adults 10-20 years old
Treatment is high dose IV

25
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae

A

causes community-acquired meningitis
patients commonly have pneumonia at the same time
High risk: alcoholics, sickle cell patients, and those without a spleen
vaccines are Prevnar and Pneumovax

26
Q

Haemophilus influenzae

A

affects children less than 5 years old
hib- type B

27
Q

listeria monocytogenes

A

-resistant to cold
- the ability to cross the placenta
- most cases are due to the ingestion of contaminated dairy products poultry or meat

28
Q

Cryptococcus neoformans

A

-A yeast with a capsule found everywhere
-Can cause chronic meningitis, especially in AIDS patients

29
Q

Coccidioides species- valley fever

A

dimorphic
- begins as a pulmonary infection

30
Q

Viruses that cause meningitis

A

90% caused by enterovirus
West Nile Virus
HSV meningitis

31
Q

Neonatal meningitis

A

most common causes are streptococcus agalactiar. E.Coli, Listeria monocytogenes

32
Q

Poliomyelitis

A

An acute enteroviral infection of the spinal cord
causes infantile paralysis and flaccid paralysis
Paralysis causes a loss of cardiorespiratory function requiring mechanical respirators
prevention through vaccination

33
Q

Meningoencephalitis

A

-caused by amoebas: Naegleria fowleri or Acanthamoeba
-Naegleria found in natural bodies of freshwater
-An infection called PAM: primary amoebic meningoencephalitis
- Acanthamoeba: enters through breaks in skin
An infection called GAM: granulomatous amoebic meningoencephalitis

34
Q

Toxoplasmosis

A

Caused by Toxoplasma gondii
CATS
pregnant women have 33% chance of passing to the fetus
transmitted through ingestion of undercooked and contaminated meats

35
Q

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease CJD

A

caused by prion
Causes a disease known as a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy.
organisms are hardy, can survive chemical treatment, radiation, and autoclaving
also known to be transmitted to health care professionals through contaminated surgical instruments

36
Q

Rabies

A

sloe, progressive zoonotic disease characterized by fatal encephalitis
incubation time of 1-2 months
person may experience: Hydrophobia, anxiety, confusion, hallucinations, and insomnia

37
Q

Tetanus

A

Pathogen: clostridium tetani
Neuromuscular disease is known as lockjaw
releases a powerful neurotoxin that binds to peripheral motor neurons
- may develop spastic paralysis
- symptoms include extreme arching of the back, flexion of the arms, and extensions of the legs
- prevention through vaccine and a D-tap

38
Q

Leprosy

A

Pathogen: Mycobacterium leprae
also called Hansens disease
Involves permanent damage to the skin, nerves, limbs, and eyes.

39
Q

Normal flora in the cardiovascular system and lymphatic system

A

closed systems; contains no normal flora

40
Q

Malaria

A

Meaning- bad air
caused by Plasmodium sp.
transmitted through mosquito bites
symptoms include: recurring fever, coincide with rupturing of red blood cells

41
Q

AIDS/ HIV

A

caused by HIV
Two types ( HIV-1) mostly in US, Canada and Europe; (HIV-2) Africa
called retrovirus- have unusual error-prone enzyme- reverse transcriptase
Specifically targets CD4 ( T helper, macrophages, dendritic and Langerhans cells)

42
Q

HIV spreads

A

blood semen, or vaginal fluids from an infected person enter another person’s body
- women with HIV can spread to baby via pregnancy, delivery, or breast feeding

43
Q

Phases of HIV

A

The first stage is called acute retroviral syndrome; it can be mistaken for influenza or mononucleosis
- enlarged lymph nodes
Established phase: recurrent breakouts of herpes simplex
Late stage: progresses to AIDS; easier to develop opportunistic infections or pneumonia

44
Q

Opportunistic infections frequently found in AIDS patients

A

Bacteria: mycobacterium avium-intracellulare
Viruses: herpes simplex
Fungi: pneumocystis carinii, cryptococcus neoformans
Protozoa: toxoplasma gondii, cryptosporidium species

45
Q

AIDS related Malignancies

A

Kaposi Sarcoma: caused by human herpes virus 8
- blood vessels grow into tangled masses

46
Q

Exams and Tests for HIV

A

Found when antibodies for HIV are detected in the blood
ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay OR Western blot assay
- only diagnosed after two or more positive ELISA tests
Called seroconversion period when you have HIV but antibodies are not yet detected in the blood

47
Q

HAART

A

Highly active antiretroviral therapy
- slows down the rate of HIV multiplication

48
Q

nonprogressors of HIV

A

symptoms do not progress
- do not have declining CD4 cell counts
- still living healthy
- very low level of HIV in their blood

49
Q

Endocarditis

A

inflammation of the endocardium
infection of the heart valves
two types: acute endocarditis and subacute endocarditis

50
Q

Acute Endocarditis

A

colonization of heart valves- vegetation
Most common organisms: staphylococcus aureus
others: streptococcus pyogenes, and streptococcus pneumoniae

51
Q

subacute endocarditis

A

damages to the heart valaves or congenital malformation
bacteria attach to irregular tissue and create vegetation
Caused by streptococcus mutans
Transmission: vigorous tooth brushing, dental procedures, minor cuts, or lacerations

52
Q

Septicemia

A

can be caused by many different organisms
the patient is said to be septic
- can result in decreased blood pressure, septic shock, and death
endotoxin released by negative bacteria
transmission: IV’s, surgical procedures, and underlying infections
- treated with broad-spectrum antibiotic

53
Q

Plague

A

The US has less than 10 cases per year
caused by Yersinia pestis
infected through fleas
3 possible manifestations:
- pneumonic: respiratory
- bubonic: lymph node infections/ swollen lesions called buboes)
- Septicemic- bacteria in blood casung purpura” black death”

54
Q

Tularemia

A

caused by Francisella tularensis
zoonotic diseases associated with rabbits- “rabbit fever”
one of the most infectious of all bacteria
death rate of 30%

55
Q

Infectious Mononucleosis

A

caused by Epstein-Barr Virus ( EBV)
- known as the kissing disease
transmitted through oral contact with contaminated saliva
symptoms: sore throat, high fever, and FATIGUE
and most noticeable is rise in white blood cells, specifically B cells

56
Q

Anthrax

A

Zoonotic diseases of sheep
Caused by Bacillus anthracis
Several types of infection: cutaneous, pulmonary, gastrointestinal and anthrax meningitis
prevention through vaccination

57
Q

Lyme disease

A

Caused by Borrelia burgdorferi
transmitted through tick bites
Diagnoses through molecular technology
Prevention: no current vaccination, use protective clothes and repellants
3 stages:
- 1st: most individuals get a rash that looks like a bulls-eye( erythema migrans”
- 2nd: cardiac and neurological systems such as facial palsy
3rd: crippling arthritis, severely disabling

58
Q

Chagas disease

A

Trypanosomiasis caused by protozan trypanosoma cruzi
initial symptoms: fever, nausea, and fatigue; chronic include heart, GI, and brain complications
Transmission: bite of a kissing bug

BMS LECTURE (4 decks)

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