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BMSC 210 > BMSC210 CH2.4 > Flashcards

BMSC210 CH2.4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of staining microscopic specimens?

A

To provide color and contrast for detecting cellular structures

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2
Q

What are the two types of stains?

A

Simple and differential stains

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3
Q

Name five staining procedures and their clinical applications.

A

Gram, endospore, acid-fast, negative capsule, and flagella staining

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4
Q

What are the two basic types of preparation used to view specimens with a light microscope?

A

Wet mounts and fixed specimens

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5
Q

What is a wet mount?

A

A specimen placed on a slide in a drop of liquid

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6
Q

How can solid specimens be prepared for a wet mount?

A

Placed on the slide before adding a drop of liquid

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7
Q

What are common liquids used to prepare specimens for light microscopy?

A

Water or stained liquids

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8
Q

What is the purpose of adding stains to specimens?

A

To enhance contrast

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9
Q

What is the next step after adding the liquid to the slide?

A

Placing a coverslip on top

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10
Q

What is fixation in the context of preparing specimens for light microscopy?

A

Process of attaching cells to a slide

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11
Q

How is fixation achieved?

A

Through heating or chemical treatment

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12
Q

Besides attaching the specimen to the slide, what other effect does fixation have on microorganisms?

A

It kills them and stops their movement and metabolism

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13
Q

What are some common chemical fixatives used for tissue specimens?

A

Acetic acid, ethanol, methanol, formaldehyde (formalin), and glutaraldehyde.

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14
Q

What is formalin used for in specimen fixation?

A

Chemical fixation to preserve tissue structure

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15
Q

What is staining used for?

A

To color certain features of a specimen before examining it under a light microscope.

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16
Q

What are stains made up of?

A

Salts made up of a positive ion and a negative ion.

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17
Q

What is a positive stain?

A

A dye that will be absorbed by the cells or organisms being observed

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18
Q

Why is a positive stain preferred?

A

To add color to objects of interest and make them stand out against the background

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19
Q

What is the purpose of staining in microbiology?

A

To make cells more visible under a microscope

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20
Q

What are some commonly used basic dyes?

A

basic fuchsin, crystal violet, malachite green, methylene blue, safranin

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21
Q

How do basic dyes typically serve as stains?

A

positive stains

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22
Q

What is the characteristic of negatively charged chromophores in acidic dyes?

A

repelled by negatively charged cell walls

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23
Q

How do acidic dyes typically serve as stains?

A

negative stains

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24
Q

What are some commonly used acidic dyes?

A

acid fuchsin, eosin, rose bengal

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25
Q

What is simple staining?

A

Using a single dye to emphasize particular structures in the specimen

26
Q

What is the result of simple staining?

A

All organisms in a sample appear the same color

27
Q

What is differential staining?

A

Distinguishing organisms based on their interactions with multiple stains

28
Q

What are some commonly used differential staining techniques in clinical settings?

A

Gram staining, acid-fast staining, endospore staining, flagella staining, capsule staining

29
Q

What is the purpose of the Gram stain?

A

Distinguish between bacteria with different types of cell walls

30
Q

What is the purpose of crystal violet in the Gram staining process?

A

Primary stain

31
Q

What is the role of Gram’s iodine in the Gram staining process?

A

Mordant

32
Q

What is the purpose of the decolourizing agent in the Gram staining process?

A

Remove excess stain

33
Q

What is the effect of a decolourizing agent on cells with thick peptidoglycan layers?

A

They generally retain the crystal violet dye and remain purple.

34
Q

What is the effect of a decolourizing agent on cells with thin peptidoglycan layers?

A

The dye is washed out and they become colourless.

35
Q

What is the purpose of a secondary counterstain?

A

To stain the decolourized cells pink.

36
Q

What is Gram-staining?

A

Differential staining technique to distinguish gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria

37
Q

What color are gram-positive cells?

A

Purple

38
Q

What color are gram-negative cells?

A

Red/Pink

39
Q

What can Gram staining help clinicians with?

A

Classify bacterial pathogens into categories associated with specific properties.

40
Q

Which type of bacteria tends to be more resistant to certain antibiotics?

A

Gram-negative bacteria.

41
Q

What is acid-fast staining?

A

Differential staining technique

42
Q

What does an acid-fast stain differentiate?

A

Gram-positive cells with mycolic acids vs. those without

43
Q

What is the primary stain used in acid-fast staining?

A

Carbol fuchsin

44
Q

What happens to acid-fast cells after the decolorizing agent is applied?

A

They retain the carbol fuchsin

45
Q

What is the secondary counterstain used in acid-fast staining?

A

Methylene blue

46
Q

How are non-acid-fast cells stained in acid-fast staining?

A

They are stained blue with methylene blue

47
Q

What is capsule staining used for?

A

Determining whether cells in a sample have capsules

48
Q

What are endospores?

A

Structures that allow certain bacterial cells to survive harsh conditions

49
Q

Can endospores be visualized using Gram staining alone?

A

No, they appear clear with Gram staining alone

50
Q

What is endospore staining?

A

Differentiate endospores from the rest of the cell.

51
Q

What is the primary stain used in the Schaeffer-Fulton method of endospore staining?

A

Malachite green.

52
Q

What stain is used to counterstain the cell in endospore staining?

A

Safranin.

53
Q

What does endospore staining reveal?

A

Shape and location of endospores.

54
Q

What are flagella?

A

Tail-like structures used for locomotion

55
Q

Why can’t flagella be seen under a light microscope?

A

They are too thin.

56
Q

What does the mordant do in flagella staining?

A

Thickens the flagella

57
Q

What is the staining agent commonly used in flagella staining?

A

Pararosaniline

58
Q

How are samples prepared for fluorescence and confocal microscopy?

A

Similarly to samples for light microscopy, but with fluorochromes.

59
Q

What is immunofluorescence?

A

Dyes attached to an antibody to stain specific proteins on specific types of cells.

60
Q

What is fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)?

A

It stains cells based on whether they have a specific DNA sequence

BMSC 210 (24 decks)

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