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BMSC 210 > Module 9 - Notes > Flashcards

Module 9 - Notes Flashcards

1
Q

What is immunology?

A

The study of the immune system and immunity

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2
Q

What is Immunity?

A

The ability of an organism to resist infections

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3
Q

What are the 2 main branches of immunity?

A

Innate immunity
and
Adaptive immunity

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4
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

a multifaceted system of defenses targeting invading pathogens in a non-specific manner.

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5
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A

a multifaceted system of defenses that specifically targets invading pathogen and that develop memory to the invading pathogens.

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6
Q

What are the main features of the innate immunity system?

A

non-specific

quick response (within hours)

No previous exposure is required

Physical & chemical barriers

Phagocytes (neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells and eosinophiles)

Inflammation (mast cells & basophils)

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7
Q

What are the main features of the adaptive immunity system?

A

activated when the innate system fails

has specific recognition of pathogens

Slow process (multi steps to process antigens/epitopes)

Develops memory

T-Cell

B-cells and antibodies

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8
Q

The innate system is composed of:

A) Barrier defense, phagocytes, and the complement system
B) Both barrier defense and phagocytes
C) Several non-specific mechanisms that include barrier defenses, phagocytes, the complement system, inflammation, and fever.
D) Only phagocytes
E) Only barrier defenses

A

C) Several non-specific mechanisms that include barrier defenses, phagocytes, the complement system, inflammation, and fever.

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9
Q

What are the physical barriers in innate immunity?

A

Cellular barriers that deny entry
- skin
- mucous membrane
- endothelial cells

Mechanical defenses that remove potential threats
- shedding of skin cell
- mucociliary sweeping
- peristalsis
- flushing action of urine & tears

Microbiome
- complete with pathogens

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10
Q

What are the chemical barriers in innate immunity?

A

Body fluids
- chemicals that regulate pH & inhibit microbial growth
- enzymes (lysosymes)

Antimicrobial components
- antimicrobial peptides (AMPs)
- bile acids

Complement systems

Cytokines

Mediators of inflammation

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11
Q

Why would a fishmonger develop fish tank granuloma (ie. Skin infection caused by mycobacterium marinum)?

A) The bacteria used their flagellum to dig a hole in the skin
B) Cuts on the skin remove a layer of the innate protection and allow entry of bacterial pathogens
C) The slime layer of the skin was dissolved by salt water
D) Macrophages accumulated under the skin in response to traumatic shock from a fish bite

A

B) Cuts on the skin remove a layer of the innate protection and allow entry of bacterial pathogens.

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12
Q

What is the complement system of innate immunity?

A

Plasma proteins
- Sequential interaction (cascade)
- Enzymes
- Membrane attack complex (MAC)

C1, C2, C3…..C9

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13
Q

What is a membrane attack complex?

A

Plasma Proteins that creates a hole inside the membrane causing the cytoplasm content to leak out

C6/C7/C8/C9

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14
Q

How is the complement system activated

A

3 different triggers - all result in the activation of the C3 complement protein

Classial Pathway - C1

Lectin Pathway - Mannose-binding lectin

Alternate pathway

Ultimately the all cleave and result in C5b which activates the Membrane Attack Complex = C6/C7/C8/C9

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15
Q

How are the proteins of the complement system designated?

A

C = complement
# = order of discovery
a = anaphylatoxin = inflammation
b = opsonization

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16
Q

What happens with opsonization?

A

The bacteria is coated with proteins that signal a macrophage to eat it.

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17
Q

What is the role of Cytokines & Chemokines in innate immunity?

A

They act as molecular messengers of the immune system.

Cytokines bind to receptors
-signal a cascade leading to transcription activator

Chemokines are a subclass of cytokines
-recruit circulation immune cells to site of injury

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18
Q

What is an autocrine function?

A

The same cell that releases the cytokine is the recipient of the signal

self-stimulation

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19
Q

What is a paracrine function?

A

involves the release of cytokines from one cell to other nearby cells, stimulating some response from the recipient cells.

activates a community response

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20
Q

What is an endocrine function?

A

occurs when cells release cytokines into the bloodstream to be carried to target cells much farther away

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21
Q

What are interferons?

A

sub-class of cytokines

there to stimulate the immune system to mount a proper defense against viruses

activate anti-viral response of nearby cells

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22
Q

Which organs of the body are involved with the innate immune system?

A

Blood & lymphatic systems
- allow circulation and distribution of immune cells
-lymph dumps antibodies and immune cells in the blood

Secondary lymphoid organs
- lymph nodes - leukocytes to detect antigens or pathogens circulation in the lymphatic system
- mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
- spleen

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23
Q

What are the key cellular players in innate immunity?

A

Derived from pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells
- Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
- Leukocytes (white blood cells)
- Platelets

Monocytes - immature
- mature/differentiate

Granulocytes
- granules that can be stained
- toxins and enzymes
- destroys their targets

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24
Q

What is the role of Dendric Cells?

A

antigenic-presenting cells (APCs) residing in the skin and mucous membranes

Process and ID antigens then present those antigens to other cells

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25
What is the role of Macrophages?
APCs residing in the tissues and organs (Spleen, lymph nodes, MALT) Process and ID antigens then present those antigens to other cells
26
What is the role of Neutrophiles?
elimination and destruction of extracellular bacteria
27
What is the role of Eosinophiles?
Protection against protozoa and helminths (parasites) and they play a role in allergies
28
What is the role of Basophiles?
role in inflammation and allergic reactions, found in the blood.
29
What is the role of Mast Cells?
role in inflammation and allergic reactions; found in the tissues
30
What is the role of Natural Killer Cells?
Kill virus-infected cells and cancerous cells (lymphocyte)
31
What kind of lymphocytes would you expect to be over-represented at the site of a viral infection? A) Basophils B) Macrophages C) Neutrophiles D) Natural Killer Cells E) Eosinophiles
D) Natural Killer Cells **They are the only one on the list that are lymphocytes**
32
what is MHC1?
a molecule on the surface of cells that IDs them as part of the natural host They are the secret handshakes Major Histocompatibility Cell
33
How does a natural killer cell act on intracellular pathogens?
If it does not recognize the MHC1 on the cell then it will kill it.
34
What happens when your body is subjected to a microbial invasion at a cut?
Tissue damage will activate phagocytes (macrophages) Release of cytokines and chemokines recruits neutrophil and T-Cells Neutrophils enter tissue by sticking to capillary wall (Margination), rolling and squeezing in the cellular junctions (diapedesis)
35
How does your body recognize pathogens?
*Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern (PAMS)* -unique microbe structures *Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)* - toll-like receptors (TLRs) **External** - NOD-like receptors (NDRs) **Internal** *Signal transduction* *Phagocytosis* -engulfment of pathogen
36
How can the immune response recognize pathogens during their first encounter?
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns - recognized by pattern recognition receptors.
37
What is phagocytoisis?
The uptake of extracellular pathogens (phagosome) by a macrophage. The purpose is to destroy the pathogen Macrophage has membrane-bound inclusions (Lysosomes) which have bactericidal substances & enzymes The lysosome fuses with the phagosome to become a phagolysosome
38
Why would a fishmonger develop granuloma in response to mycobacterium marinum infection?
Aggregation of macrophages and other immune cells formed in response to chronic inflammation
39
What is acute inflammation?
Normal biological response -promotes healing Characterized by redness, swelling, pain, and heat Production of activators - Pro-inflammatory molecules (histamine) - Phagocytes & Lymphocytes - Induce vasodilationn - Increase vascular permeability Influx of phagocytes - increase inflammation
40
What happens when you get a fever?
Fever is not an inflammatory response (not localized) if you increase the temperature, bacteria will start to die. Same with viruses Cytokines will induce fever - endogenous pyrogens LPS will induce fever - exogenous pyrogen Act on prostaglandins - act on hypothalamus Limit growth of pathogen Uncontrolled inflammation - toxic/septic shock
41
Why would treating a fever with antibiotics be contradicted?
A fever is a non-specific symptom that could be triggered by an array of microbial pathogens
42
What are the 2 components of adaptive immunity?
Humoral immunity Cell-Mediated Immunity
43
What is adaptive immunity?
adaptive & specific response Discriminate - distinguish between specific foreign molecules Diversify - recognize many possible foreign molecules Memorize - remember foreign molecules after the first exposure
44
What is humoral immunity?
antibodies produced by B-cells (Bone marrow lymphocytes) in response to antigens
45
What is cell-mediated immunity?
Activation of T-Cells (thymus lymphocytes) to control intracellular microbes (virus, bacteria, parasites)
46
What is the difference between the antibody production in an immune response vs an adaptive response?
This graph illustrates the primary and secondary immune responses related to antibody production after an initial and secondary exposure to an antigen. Notice that the secondary response is faster and provides a much higher concentration of antibody.
47
What is an antigen?
a molecule/substance that interacts with antibodies or a T cell receptor (TCR) - Not all antigens induce an immune response
48
What is an Immunogen?
It activates an immune response
49
What is a hapten?
a small molecule that binds to an antibody -does not induce an immune response - needs a carrier to be an immunogen
50
What is immunogenicity dependent on?
- Complexity - Physical form and structural form - Dose
51
What are epitopes?
Sections of specific regions of an antigen that are recognized by an antibody
52
What is the relationship between antibody/antigen recognition?
1 epitope is recognized by 1 antibody an antigen can be recognized by multiple antibodies because 1 antigen can have multiple different epitopes.
53
What are antibodies?
Immunoglobulin - glycoproteins Monomer - 4 protein chains held by disulfide bond Y-Shaped - 2 heavy chains + 2 light chains Fragment of antigen binding - FAB region - variable: diversity & specificity - Provide function (binds to the antigen) Fragment crystallization - FC region - binds to complement and phagocytes
54
What are the 5 different functions of antibodies?
1. Opsonins (opsonization) 2. Neutralization 3. Agglutination 4. Immune Activation 5. Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity
55
How does opsonization work?
It coats the bacteria with antibodies The FC region will recognized by the macrophage
56
How does neutralization work?
neutralizes the function prevents the spike protein from attaching to target cells
57
How does agglutination work?
Binds epitopes simultaneously forming little balls
58
How does cell-mediated cytotoxicity work?
antibodies bind to a large pathogenic cell that is too big for phagocytosis and then bind to Fc receptors on the membrane of a natural killer cell. This interaction brings the NK cell into close proximity, where it can kill the pathogen through release of lethal extracellular cytotoxins.
59
What are the immunoglobulin classes?
IgA IgD IgE IgG IgM
60
What is IgA?
Major secretory antibody Function using *Neutralization* The dimer is found in secretions The Monomer is found in blood
61
What is IgD?
Acitvate B-Cells functions as a B-Cell Receptor found in B-cells
62
What is IgE?
Parasite Immunity FC binds and activates mast cells and basophils (play a role in allergies) Found in blood and lymph
63
What is IgG?
Major circulating antibody Fc binds phagocytes Crosses placenta Function using *neutralization, agglutination, complement activation, opsonization, cell-mediated cytotoxicity* Found in blood, lymph and extracellular fluid
64
What is IgM?
First antibody to appear Functions using *Neutralization, agglutination, complement activation.* Found in blood and lymph
65
What is the role of antibodies against the spike proteins of SARS-C0V-2 if the antibodies block viral attachment? - Opsonization - Neutralization - Agglutination - Immune Activation - Cell-Mediated Toxicity
Neutralization
66
What is the difference between MHCI and MHCII?
MHCI - found on all nucleated cells - present self antigens - present non-self antigens (secret handshake) MHCII - found on macrophages, dendritic cells, and b cells - Present non-self antigens
67
What are Antigen presenting cells (APCs)?
*Antigen-presenting cells* - cells that process and present antigen - macrophages, dendritic cells, and b cells - recognize and progress antigens differently *MHCII Processing and Presentation* -B cells vs Phagocytes -Antigen processing occurs in the phagolysosome - not all antigen presented - immunogenic and/or dominant
68
Explain T cell selection
Differentiate between host antigens *self* and danger anitgens *non-self* Each T cell receptor (TCR) binds a different antigen Selection occurs in the thymus *Positive Selection* TCR with weak interaction = does not lead to an immune response. The T cell continues to interact and grow *Negative Selection* TCR with strong interaction = cell death
69
What are the classes of T cells?
Helper T Cells Regulatory T Cells Cytotoxic T Cells
70
Helper T cells are divided into which subclasses?
Th1 Th2 Th17 Memory
71
What is the function of Th1?
Activation of cytotoxic T-Cells, neutrophile, NK and macrophage activated by APC with antigens + MHCII Surface CD Molecules = CD4 The outcome is cell-mediated immunity
72
What is the function of Th2?
Activation of B cells Activated by APC with antigens + MHCII Surface CD Molecules = CD4 The outcome is antibody-mediated immunity
73
What is the function of memory T cells?
Remember specific pathogens Activated by APC with antigens + MHCII Surface CD Molecules = CD4 The outcome is a strong secondary response.
74
What is the function of Regulatory T Cells?
Tolerance and prevention of an autoimmune response Activated by APC with antigens + MHCII Surface CD Molecules = CD4
75
What is the function of Cytotoxic T Cells?
Destroy cells with intracellular pathogen Activated by APC or infected cells with antigen + MHCI Surface CD Molecules = CD8 The outcome is cell-mediated immunity Leads to memory cytotoxic t cells
76
Explain T Cell Receptors.
Bind Antigens Initiate activation T-Cell co-receptors -strenghten the interaction between TCR & MHC CD4 binds MHCII CD8 bind MHCI
77
What are CD molecules?
Cell differentiation molecules cell surface glycoproteins that can be used to identify and distinguish between the various types of white blood cells
78
If you are designing a vaccine and want a strong antibody response, what type of T cells would you target to ensure strong B Cell activation? Th1 Cells Th2 Cells Th17 Cells Treg cells Cytotoxic T Cells
Th2 Cells
79
What are the different vaccine classes?
Live Attenuated Whole Inactivated Toxoid Conjugated Viral-Like Particle Viral Vector RNA DNA
80
what are live attenuated vaccines?
non-pathogenic viable microbe mimics a "real" infection and provides balanced immunity Not safe for immunocompromised people & there is a risk of reversion
81
What are Whole inactivated Vaccines?
Pathogen is dead You are injected with the entire microbe without risk of infection Provides a weaker immunity and you often need a stronger dose plus boosters
82
What are toxoid vaccines?
Immunogenic pieces of the microbe with inactivated toxins. Produce limited side effects Booster shots are required and they don't last long examples = tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis
83
What are conjugated vaccines?
low immunogenic antigen attached to an immunogen Effective in younger kids Costly to produce and they may interfere with other vaccines
84
What are viral-like particle vaccines?
Proteins that assemble as a capsid Mimic the virus They have low immunogenicity and they are complicated to manufacture
85
What are viral vector vaccines?
a virus expressing an antigen They mimic a natural infection Risk of genomic integration and there could be a natural immunity to the vector Example is the HPV Vaccine
86
What are RNA vaccines?
RNA Strand that can be translated Highly adaptable and provide strong cell-mediated immunity Costly to store and they provide weak humoral immunity
87
What are DNA vaccines?
DNA strand that can be transcribed Highly adaptable vaccines But there is a risk of genomic integration
88

BMSC 210 (24 decks)

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