Boards Exam Deck #3

Question 1

Innervation of deltoid

Answer 1

axillary N

Question 2

Typical CPM cycle

Answer 2

2 cycles per minute

Question 3

pleural effusion

Answer 3

• accumulation of fluid in the pleural space
• lung sounds are usually created
• a pleural friction rub may be heard if pleural surfaces are inflamed

Question 4

Typical breath sounds found with pulmonary fibrosis

Answer 4

-decreased breath sounds with auscultation

Question 5

Pulmonary fibrosis

Answer 5

• type of restrictive lung disease characterized by changes in the alveoli & lung architecture from an inflammatory process
• inflammatory changes cause scarring & fibrotic lesions in the lungs which result in decreased lung compliance, lung volumes, diffusing capacity, increased pulmonary arterial pressure, & work of breathing

Question 6

Asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR)

Answer 6

• head turned to one side is stimulation
• response is fencing posture
• normal age response is from birth to 6 months

Question 7

Moro reflex

Answer 7

• stimulated when an infant’s head is suddenly dropped into extension for a few inches
• response is that the arms abduct with fingers open, then cross the trunk into adduction; often followed immediately by crying

Question 8

integration of Moro reflex

Answer 8

28 weeks gestation to 5 months

Question 9

Landau reflex

Answer 9

-equilibrium response that occurs when a child responds to prone suspension by aligning their head & extremities in line with the plane of the body

Question 10

integration of Landau reflex

Answer 10

-around 3 months to 2 years

Question 11

Symmetrical tonic neck reflex

Answer 11

• stimulated by the head moving into flexion or extension
• when head is in flexion, the arms are flexed & legs extended
• when head is in extension, the arms are extended & legs are flexed

Question 12

integration of tonic neck reflex

Answer 12

6-8 months

Question 13

Hill-Sachs Fracture

Answer 13

• aka hill-sachs lesion
• impaction fracture of the anterior medial humeral head
• typically associated with a posterior glenohumeral dislocation

Question 14

typical presentation of a posterior glenohumeral dislocation

Answer 14

• holding arm medially rotated & adducted

- may exhibit flattening of anterior shoulder & a prominent coracoid process

Question 15

Angiotensin

Answer 15

• hormone released for regulation in blood pressure

- release of this hormone causes vasoconstriction, which results in an increase in BP

Question 16

Erythropoietin

Answer 16

• hormone involved in production of red blood cells

- under hypoxic conditions, the kidneys will secrete this hormone to increase production of RBCs

Question 17

Prostaglandins

Answer 17

• group of hormones that help protect the lining of the stomach by inhibiting gastric acid secretion & increasing the production of mucous in the stomach lining
• NSAIDS inhibit production of these protective prostaglandins, which results in the stomach becoming more susceptible to damage from the gastric acids

Question 18

Gastrin

Answer 18

-hormone hat stimulates secretion of gastric acid in the stomach

Question 19

ejection fraction

Answer 19

• measure of left ventricular contractility
• stroke volume / left ventricular end-diastolic volume
• normal EF = 55-70%

Question 20

definition of Cushing’s syndrome

Answer 20

-excess of free circulating cortisol from the adrenal cortex

Question 21

Positive Inotropic Agents side effects

Answer 21

cardiac arrhythmias, GI distress, dizziness, blurred vision

Question 22

action of positive inotropic agents

Answer 22

increases the force & velocity of myocardial contraction, slows the HR, decreases conduction velocity through AV node, and decreases the degree of activation of sympathetic nervous system

Question 23

What does hearing stridor indicate with auscultation?

Answer 23

-upper airway obstruction

Question 24

bronchophony

Answer 24

• increased vocal resonance with greater clarity & loudness of spoken words
• ex: “99”

Question 25

egophony

Answer 25

-a form of bronchophony in which the spoken long "E" sound changes to a long, nasal-sounding "A"

Question 26

whispered pectoriloquy

Answer 26

-recognition of whispered words, "1,2,3"

Question 27

ST segment depression

Answer 27

-sign of subendocardial ischemia but also can be due to digitalis toxicity or hypokalemia

Question 28

ST segment elevation

Answer 28

- earliest sign of acute transmural infarction | - can also indicate a benign early depolarization pattern in a normal heart

Question 29

Percussion sound heard almost exclusively with a large pneumothorax?

Answer 29

tympany

Question 30

Normal infant heart rate

Answer 30

100 - 130 beats/minute

Question 31

Normal child heart rate

Answer 31

80 - 100 beats/minute

Question 32

Obstructive ventilatory impairment FEV1/FVC is equal to what?

Question 33

Restrictive ventilatory impairment

Answer 33

- characterized by reduced lung volumes (total lung capacity, FVC, FEV1) and relatively normal expiratory flow rates - inferred from spirometry when FVC is reduced & FEV1 / FVC is normal or > 80%

Question 34

Rate pressure product

Answer 34

- index of myocardial oxygen consumption & coronary blood flow - provides an easy to measure physiologic correlate to onset of angina or development of ECG abnormalities in patients with heart disease - signs & sx of myocardial ischemia generally occur at a reproducible RPP value - RPP = HR x SBP

Question 35

Newborn respiratory rate

Answer 35

33-45 breaths/minute

Question 36

1 year old respiratory rate

Answer 36

25-35 breaths/minute

Question 37

10 year old respiratory rate

Answer 37

15-20 breaths/minute

Question 38

Adult respiratory rate

Answer 38

12-20 breaths/minute

Question 39

Normal respiratory rhythm

Answer 39

- inspiration is half as long as expiration | - 1:2 ratio

Question 40

Respiratory rhythm of COPD

Answer 40

- longer expiration phase | - 1:3 or 1:4 ratio

Question 41

apnea

Answer 41

absence of spontaneous breathing

Question 42

biot's breathing pattern

Answer 42

- irregular breathing - breaths vary in depth & rate with periods of apnea - often associated with increased intracranial pressure or damage to the medulla

Question 43

bradypnea

Answer 43

-slower than normal respiratory rate | -

Question 44

Cheyne-Stokes (periodic)

Answer 44

- decreasing rate & depth of breathing with periods of apnea - can occur due to central nervous system damage

Question 45

eupnea

Answer 45

normal rate & depth of breathing

Question 46

hyperpnea

Answer 46

increased rate & depth of breathing

Question 47

hypopnea

Answer 47

decreased rate & depth of breathing

Question 48

Kussmaul's

Answer 48

- deep & fast breathing | - often associated with metabolic acidosis

Question 49

paradoxical breathing pattern

Answer 49

- chest wall moves in with inhalation & out with exhalation - due to chest trauma or paralysis of diaphragm

Question 50

tachypnea

Answer 50

- faster than normal respiratory rate | - > 20 breaths/minute in adults