BODY

Question 1

External intercostal muscles during inspiration and expiration

Answer 1

Inspiration: contract to pull the ribs up and out

expiration: Relax

Question 2

Internal intercostal muscles during inspiration and expiration

Answer 2

Inspiration: relax

Expiration: Contract to pull the ribs down and in

Question 3

Diaphragm during inspiration and expiration

Answer 3

Inspiration: Contracts to move down and flattens

Expiration: Relaxes to move up and dome

Question 4

Air pressure in lungs during inspiration and expiration

Answer 4

Inspiration: Initially drops. As air moves in it rises above atmospheric pressure

Expiration: Initially greater than atmospheric pressure. Drops as air moves out.

Question 5

Lung Volume during inspiration and expiration

Answer 5

Inspiration: Increases
Expiration: Decreases

Question 6

Movement of air during inspiration and expiration

Answer 6

Inspiration: Air moves into lungs. As the atmospheric pressure is higher than that of the thorax.

Expiration: Air moves out of the lungs, as the pressure in the thorax is higher than that of the atmosphere.

Question 7

Pulmonary ventilation and equation

Answer 7

Pulmonary ventilation is the total volume of air that is moved into the lungs during one minute.

pulmonary ventilation = tidal volume x ventilation rate

Question 8

rate of diffusion equation

Answer 8

diffusion (proportionate to) surface area x diff in conc /length of diffusion path

Question 9

what is the Bohr effect

Answer 9

when a higher carbon dioxide concentration causes the oxyhemoglobin curve to shift to the right. the affinity for oxygen decreases because the acidic carbon dioxide changes the shape of haeomoglobin slightly

Question 10

Cardiac muscle

Answer 10

the walls of the heart have a thick muscular layer.

it is myogenic meaning it can contract and relax without nervous or hormonal stimulation

it never fatigues as long as it has a supply of oxygen

Question 11

coronary arteries

Answer 11

supply the cardiac muscle with oxygenated blood
these branch off from the aorta
if they become blocked cardia muscle won’t receive oxygen, therefore will not be able to respire and the cells will die
this results in myocardial infarction

Question 12

vena cava

Answer 12

carries deoxygenated blood from the body into the right atrium

Question 13

septum

Answer 13

separates the deoxygenated and oxygenated blood

maintains high concentration of oxygen in oxygenated blood to maintain concentration gradient to enable diffusion at respiring cells