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Summer 2020 - Physiology 2 - Renal > Body Fluid Compartments - Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Body Fluid Compartments - Quiz 1 Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

What is the normal Daily Intake of Water?

A

2100 mL Ingested + 200 mL Metabolized = 2300 mL/Day

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2
Q

What is the normal amount of Water Loss per day?

A

2300 mL/Day

Insensible - 700 mL

Sweat - 100 mL

Feces - 100 mL

Urine - 1400 mL

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3
Q

What are the different Body Fluid Compartments?

A

Extracellular - Interstitial & Blood Plasma

Intracellular

Trans-Cellular - 1-2 L
(CSF, Peritoneal, Pericardial, Synovial, Intraocular)

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4
Q

What electrolytes are mostly found in the Extracellular Compartment?

A

Sodium & Chloride

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5
Q

What electrolytes are mostly found in the Intracellular Compartment?

A

Potassium & Phosphate

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6
Q

The cell membrane is highly permeable to water, but not _______

A

The cell membrane is highly permeable to water, but not electrolytes

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7
Q

What is the Composition of Plasma & Interstitial (Extracellular) Fluids?

A

Highly Permeable Capillary Membrane

&

More Protein in Plasma d/t Low Membrane Permeability

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8
Q

What makes of most of the Plasma Nonelectrolytes?

A

Phospholipids > Cholesterol > Neutral Fat > Glucose

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9
Q

What is Gibbs Donnan Equilibrium?

A

When two solutions separated by a membrane have equal & opposite Chemical & Electrical Energies on each side.

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10
Q

The Indicator-Dilution Method of measuring Compartment Volume is base on what principle?

A

Conservation of Mass

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11
Q

What is Osmotic Pressure?

A

Pressure applied in the opposite direction of Osmosis to prevent osmosis

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12
Q

What is the Total Osmolarity of each Body Fluid Compartment?

A

300 mOsm/L

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13
Q

Whats the Normal level of Sodium in the Extracellular vs Intracellular Compartment?

A

Extracellular: 139-142 mOsm/L

Intracellular: 14 mOsm/L

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14
Q

Whats the Normal level of Potassium in the Extracellular vs Intracellular Compartment?

A

Extracellular: ~4.0 mOsm/L

Intracellular: 140 mOsm/L

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15
Q

Whats the Normal level of Chloride in the Extracellular vs Intracellular Compartment?

A

Extracellular: 108 mOsm/L

Intracellular: 4 mOsm/L

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16
Q

Whats the Normal level of Magnesium in the Extracellular vs Intracellular Compartment?

A

Extracellular: 0.8 mOsm/L

Intracellular: 20 mOsm/L

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17
Q

What conditions cause Hyponatremia?

A

Diarrhea

Vomiting

Diuretic Abuse

Addison’s Disease

Excess ADH

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18
Q

What conditions cause Hypernatremia?

A

Inadequate ADH

Diabetes Insipidus

Dehydration

Aldosterone Secretion

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19
Q

What abnormality occurs when there is a Decreased Plasma Sodium & Decreased Extracellular Volume?

A

Hyponatremic Dehydration from Adrenal Insufficiency or Diuretic Abuse

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20
Q

What might cause Intracellular Volume to Decrease while Plasma Sodium & Extracellular Volume remains the same?

A

Hypernatremic Overhydration from Cushing’s Disease or Primary Aldosteronism

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21
Q

Diabetes Insipidus & Excessive Sweating can cause ________ , Decreasing both Intracelllular & Extracellular Volumes

A

Diabetes Insipidus & Excessive Sweating can cause Hypernatremic Dehydration, Decreasing both Intracellular & Extracellular Volumes

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22
Q

What causes Hyponatremic Overhydration?

A

SIADH & Bronchogenic Tumors

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23
Q

What is the difference b/t Central Diabetes Insipidus & Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus?

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A

Central: Lack of ADH

Nephrogenic: Kidneys can’t respond to ADH

24
Q

What Causes Intracellular Edema?

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A

Inflammation

Depression of Cell Function

Cell malnutrition

Decreased Blood Flow

Ionic Pump Malfunction

25
What causes Extracellular Edema?
↑Capillary Pressure & Permeability ↓Plasma Proteins Blockage of Lymph Return
26
What contributes to Increased Capillary Pressure?
Excessive Kidney Retention of Salt & Water High Venous Pressure & Constriction Decreased Arteriolar Resistance
27
What can cause an excess Salt & Water retention from the Kidneys?
Acute/Chronic Kidney Failure & Excess Mineralocorticoids
28
What causes High Venous Pressures & Constriction?
Heart Failure Venous Obstruction Venous Pump Failure d/t Paralysis & Valve Failure
29
What causes Decreased Arteriolar Resistance?
High Body Temp Vasodilation SNS Insufficiency
30
What causes Decreased Plasma Proteins?
Nephrotic Syndrome - Proteinuria Burns Wounds Liver Disease Malnutrition
31
What Increases Capillary Permeability?
Immune Reactions Toxins Infections Vitamin C Deficiency Prolonged Ischemia Burns
32
What might cause Lymph Blockage?
Cancer Infection Surgery Congenital Abnormality
33
How does Heart Failure cause Edema?
1. Heart fails to pump blood from Veins to Arteries 2. Venous Pressure Increases & Arterial Pressure Decreases 3. Kidneys help by retaining Salt & Water 4. Low Blood Flow to Kidneys stimulate Renin Secretion 5. Renin --\> Angiotensin II --\> Aldosterone --\> More Salt & Water Retention
34
What are the 3 Major Factors that Prevent Edema?
Low Interstitial Compliance (-3 mmHg) Increased Lymphatic Drainage Interstitial Protein Wash Down
35
How much pressure is the Total Safety Factor against Edema?
17 mmHg
36
How much can Capillary Pressure Increase before Significant Edema occurs?
Capillary Pressure doubles before significant Edema happens
37
Label 1 - 6
1. Cortex 2. Medulla 3. Renal Artery 4. Renal Vein 5. Renal Pelvis 6. Ureter
38
Label 1 - 7
1. Afferent Arteriole 2. Efferent Arteriole 3. Juxtaglomerular Apparatus 4. Granular Cells 5. Glomerulus 6. Bowman Capsule 7. Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
39
Label 1 - 8
1. Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) 2. Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) 3. Efferent Arteriole 4. Afferent Arteriole 5. Glomerulus 6. Loop of Henle 7. Vasa Rectae 8. Collecting Duct
40
Which part of the Kidney is the Major site of Blood Filtration & has a High Pressure Capillary Bed?
Glomerulus
41
What is the Renal Tubule consisted of?
PCT DCT Loop of Henle
42
What are Renal Pyramids?
Cone shape areas located in the Renal Medulla thats contains thousands of urine collecting ducts
43
Which part of the Kidneys is shaped like a funnel & collects urine from the calyces?
Renal Pelvis
44
What part of the Kidney takes urine from the Nephrons to the Renal Pelvis?
Urine-Collecting Duct
45
Which part of the Renal Tubule penetrates into the Renal Medulla?
Loop of Henle
46
What are the Renal Cavities called?
Calyces
47
What do the Minor Calyx do?
Collects urine from Renal Pyramid & Drains into Major Calyx
48
How much Cardiac Output goes to Renal Blood Flow?
22 % of Cardiac Output (1100 mL/min)
49
Which arteries does blood need to flow through to get from the Renal Artery to the Glomerulus?
Renal Artery --\> Segemental --\> Interlobar --\> Arcuate --\> Interlobular (Radial) --\> Afferent --\> Glomerular Capillaries
50
How much Oxygen per Liter of Blood does the Kidney take compared to Skeletal & Heart?
**Kidney:** 14 mL of O2 per Liter of Blood **Skeletal:** 60 mL/L **Heart:** 140 mL/L (Kidneys have the most blood flow, but does not use that much oxygen)
51
Which part of the Kidney does most of the Metabolism occur?
Renal Cortex
52
What is the Functional Unit of the Kidney?
Nephrons
53
What are the different b/t the 2 Types of Nephrons?
**Cortical Nephron:** 7x more than Juxtamedullary & Short Loops of Henle extend to _Outer_ Medulla **Juxtamedullary Nephron****:** Concentrates Urine & Long Loops of Henle extend to _Deep_ Medulla Each have their own Blood Supply
54
Besides the Renal Pelvis, what is another Renal Structure is funnel-shaped and is considered the "Beginning" of the Nephron?
Bowman's Capsule
55
What does the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus do?
Feedback mechanism that controls Intra & Extra Renal Hemodynamics
56
What is Nephrotic Syndrome?
Loss of Protein in Urine, decreasing Plasma Proteins
57
What should first be done before correcting Hypo/Hypernatremia?
See if the problem is Sodium Loss or Gain _versus_ Water Loss or Gain

Summer 2020 - Physiology 2 - Renal (5 decks)

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