Body Fluids and Circulation Flashcards
1
Q
body is made of ____ % fluid and ____ % solid
A
70 % fluid and 30 % solid
2
Q
out of ____ % solid content ____ % is inorganic compounds and _____ % is organic compound
A
30 % solid content 6% is inorganic and 24% is organic
3
Q
how much part of total fluid is extracellular fluid?
A
1/3 part of total fluid
4
Q
what is the single largest constituent in the body ?
A
water
5
Q
extracellular fluid is total _____ liters
A
16 liters
6
Q
lymph is _____ liters
A
10 liters
7
Q
blood is ______ liters
A
5 liters
8
Q
auxiliary fluid is ______ liters
A
1 liters
9
Q
auxiliary fluid contains which fluids ?
A
CSF, pericardial, pleural fluid
10
Q
intracellular fluid is ______ liters ?
A
29 liters
11
Q
body fluids is present in two compartments which are
A
inside the cell and outside the cell
12
Q
most abundant intracellular cation is ?
A
pottasium
13
Q
most abundant intracellular anion is ?
A
phosphate
14
Q
most abundant intercellular cation is ?
A
sodium
15
Q
most abundant intercellular anion is ?
A
chlorine
16
Q
which barriers sperate intracellular fluid from the surrounding interstitial fluid ?
A
plasma membrane of individual cell
17
Q
plasma membrane is _________ barrier
A
selectively permeable
18
Q
__________ pumps work continuously to maintain different concentration of certain ions in ___________ and ___________
A
active transport pumps
in cytosol and interstitial fluid
19
Q
interstitial fluid and plasma is divide by
A
blood wall
20
Q
blood wall divides ________ and _________ only in _______
A
interstitial fluid and plasma only in capillaries
21
Q
plasma membrane divides _________ and __________
A
intracellular fluid and interstitial fluid
22
Q
heart —-> _______ —-> _______ —-> ________ —-> _______ —-> ________ —-> heart
A
heart > artery > arteriole > capillary > venule > vein > heart
23
Q
smallest blood vessel is
A
blood capillaries
24
Q
tissue fluid is collected by _______
A
lymphatic capillary
25
tissue fluid ----> _______ ----> _______ ----> ________ ----> _______ ----> ________ ----> ________ ----> ________ ----> ________ ----> blood
tissue fluid > lymphatic capillary > lymphatic vessel > vein > RA > RV > lungs > LA > LV > systemic circulation > blood
26
interstitial fluid is also called as
lymph and tissue fluid
27
site for gaseous exchange of gas, nutrients, waste, ions etc.... is
blood capillary
28
2 types of circulation are
intracytoplasmic
extracytoplasmic
29
streaming of cytoplasm in intracytoplasmic circulation is called
cyclosis
30
intracytoplasmic circulation is present in
unicellular organism
31
extracytoplasmic circulation is found in
multicellular organism
32
extracytoplasmic circulation is divided in two parts
water canal system
vascular system ( having vessel )
33
vascular system is divided in three parts
water vascular system ( echinoderms )
blood vascular system
lymph vascular system
34
blood vascular system is of two types
open
closed
35
closed blood vascular system is divided in two types
single circulation
double circulation
36
double closed blood vascular system is divided in two types
pulmonary circulation
systemic circulation
37
double closed systemic blood circulation is divided in two types
portal circulation
coronary circulation
38
portal circulation is divided in two types
hepatic portal system
hypothalamo - hypophyseal circulation
39
why is blood special connective tissue ?
due to presence of fluid matrix [plasma] that can transport substances through out the body
40
the cardio vascular system consist of three interveinal components
blood, heart and blood vessels
41
the branch of science that is concerned with blood, blood forming tissues, and disorders associated with it is known as
Hematology
42
blood is a special connective tissue that consist of cells surrounded by
liquid extracellular matrix
43
the extracellular fluids that surrounds the blood and its suspended various cells and cell fragments is known as
blood plasma
44
temp of blood is
37 *C
45
pH of the blood is
7.4
46
volume of the blood is
5-5.5 liters
47
when blood is saturated with oxygen its colour is
bright red
48
when blood is not saturated with oxygen its colour is
dark red
49
______ % of total blood is plasma ?
55 %
50
what are the main functions of the blood
transportation and regulation
51
blood transports _______________ from one part of the body to the other part of the body
gases, hormones, nutrients and waste products
52
circulating blood helps maintain _________ of the all the body fluids
Homeostasis
53
blood helps regulate the pH through the use of _________
buffers
54
plasma is ________ coloured liquid ?
straw coloured
55
bloods osmotic pressure influences the _________ of the cells mainly through the interactions of dissolved _______________
influences the water content through the interaction of dissolved ions and proteins
56
white blood cells protect the blood from
pathogens
57
several type of blood protein including ___________ help protect against disease in variety of ways
antibodies interferons
58
_______________ prevents excessive loss of blood
blood clots
59
blood plasma is _________ % water and ________ % solutes
90 - 92 % water
6 - 8 % solutes
60
most of the solutes of the blood plasma are _________ ?
proteins
61
most of the plasma are synthesized by
hepatocytes ( liver cells )
62
plasma protein includes
albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen
63
which protein is not synthesized by hepatocytes ?
gamma - globulin
64
blood/plasma protein enters into blood circulation via _____________
hepatic portal system
65
fibrinogen plays essential role in
blood clotting
66
gamma globulins are also known as
immunoglobulins and antibodies
67
gamma globulins helps attack _____________
virus and bacteria
68
what is transported by alpha and beta globulin ?
iron, lipids, and fat soluble vitamins
69
antibodies are _________proteins in nature
glycoproteins
70
antibodies are ________ shaped structures
Y shaped
71
antibodies are which state of proteins ( primary , secondary , tertiary etc.... ? )
tertiary state
72
antibodies have ________ chains
4 chains
73
antibodies have ___________ heavy and ___________ light chains
2 heavy and 2 light chains
74
smallest plasma protein is
albumin
75
most numerous plasma protein is
albumin
76
albumin helps maintain __________
osmotic pressure
77
positively charged electrolytes are
Na+ , Ca2+ , Mg 2+ , K+
78
negatively charged electrolytes are
Cl- , HPO4 2- , SO4 2- , HCO3 -
79
electrolytes helps in
osmotic pressure and essential role in cell functions
80
catalyzation of chemical reactions is done by which solute of blood plasma ?
enzymes
81
regulation of metabolism, growth, and development is done by which solutes of blood plasma ?
hormones
82
which blood plasma solute is a cofactor for enzymatic reactions ?
vitamins
83
blood plasma solutes that are waste products are
urea, uric acid, creatine, creatinine, bilirubin, ammonia
84
how much urea is excreted per day ?
25 - 30 grams
85
what are cofactors ?
organic/inorganic substance which enhance catalytic efficiency of enzyme
86
examples of cofactors
riboflavin and niacin are vitamins
87
factors for coagulation or clotting of blood are present in the ___________ in _____________ form.
present in the plasma in an inactive form
88
plasma without the clotting factors is called as ?
serum
89
does serum clot ?
no
90
what does serum contain ?
antibodies
91
blood = _________ + ___________
plasma + formed elements
92
plasma = ________ + ___________
serum + clotting factors
93
serum = ________ - _________
plasma - clotting factors
94
study of serum is called as ?
serology
95
the process by which the formed elements develope is known as
hemopoiesis
96
hemopoiesis is also known as
hematopoiesis
97
before birth hemopoiesis first occurs in __________ in embyo
yolk sac
98
in fetus hematopoiesis is done by _________
liver and spleen
99
primary site of hemopoiesis is
red bone marrow
100
red bone marrow is located in
long bone epiphysis and flat bone
101
flat bone examples are
cranial bone , ribs sternum , scapula
102
formation of RBC is known as
erythropoiesis
103
a healthy man on an average has ____________ RBC/mm3
5 - 5.5 million
104
which element is most abundant of all blood cells ?
RBC
105
RBC are _________ nucleus
devoid of nucleus
106
RBC have a ___________ shape
biconcave
107
camel and llama RBC is ___________ shaped
oval
108
why do the immature RBC contain nucleus but the mature ones do not ?
because RBC is involved in gaseous transport so , to accommodate more of the gases mature RBC do not contain nucleus and cell organelle
109
RBC has red coloured iron containing complex protein called
haemoglobin
110
a healthy individual has _________ gm of haemoglobin in 100ml of blood
12 - 16 gm
111
RBC has an average life span of __________ days
120 days
112
RBC are destroyed in
spleen
113
spleen acts as a ______________ and _______________ for RBC
destroyer and large reservoir of RBC
114
100 ml of blood carries _________ ml of O2
20 ml
115
100 ml of blood carries ___________ gm of Hb
15 gm
116
1gm of Hb carries _______ ml of O2
1.34 ml
117
out of the 20 ml of O2 at rest ________ ml is in tissue and __________ ml is in veins
5 ml in tissues and 15 ml in veins
118
RBC are ________ discs
biconcave
119
RBC have a diameter of __________ µm
7 - 8 µm
120
RBC lack ___________ and have ____________ respiration
mitochondria and have anerobic respiration
121
in hemoglobin, heme is
non protein
122
in hemoglobin, globin is
protein
123
globin has 4 chains
2 alpha and 2 beta chain
124
HbCO is known as
carboxyhemoglobin
125
HbCO2 is known as
carbaminohemoglobin
126
where does CO2 attach on hemoglobin ?
on the beta chain of the globin
127
where does CO and O2 attach on hemoglobin
on the heme part
128
why is HbCO2 called as carbaminohemoglobin ?
because CO2 attaches at N-C bond of the beta chain which is amino[N] and carboxy[C] bond
129
Hb-A has 4 chains ___________ and ___________
2 alpha and 2 beta chains
130
Hb-F has 4 chains ___________ and ___________
2 alpha and 2 gamma chains
131
Hb-F is ________ efficient than Hb-A in transport of O2
more efficent
132
total heme in Hb =
4
133
total Fe 2+ in Hb =
4
134
total ______ O2 molecules bind with Hb reversibily
4 O2 molecules
135
Fe 3+ gets converted into Fe 2+ on the action of ________
HCL
136
what is Achlorohydria ?
no secretion of HCL
137
Hb with Fe 3+ is called as
Methmoglobin [ Met-Hb]
138
Met-Hb leads to which disease
Methmoglobenemia which will cause blue baby syndrome
139
nitrate and nitrite contaminated water leads to which disease ?
blue baby syndrome
140
blue baby syndrome is also also known as
blue body syndrome or cyanosis
141
deficiency of Hb causes
anemia
142
Fe deficiency causes
iron deficiency anemia
143
vitamin B-9 deficiency leads to
megaloblastic / folate deficiency anemia
144
vitamin B-9 is also known as
folic acid
145
deficiency of vitamin B-12 leads to
pernicious anemia or microcystic anemia [ autoimmune disorder]
146
Study of blood vascular system is known as
Angiology
147
What is plasma membrane of blood known as
Donnan's membrane
148
pernicious anemia is _______________ disorder
autoimmune disorder
149
hormones responsible for synthesis of RBC are
erythropoetin - kidney
testosteron - testes
thyroxine - thyroid gland
cortisol - adrenal cortex
IGF [ insulin like growth factor ] - anterior pitutary
150
increase in no. of RBC is known as
polycythaemia or erythrocytosis
151
decrease in no. of RBC is known as
erythrocytopneia
152
decrease in hemoglobin is known as
anemia
153
formation of WBC is known as
leucopoesis
154
colour of WBC is
colourless
155
do WBC have nucleus
yes they are nucleated
156
no. of WBC is
6000 to 8000
157
diameter of WBC is
12 - 20 micrometer
158
lifespan of WBC is
generally short lived [ from few hours to maybe few days ]
159
in in WBC is known as
Leucocytosis
160
decrease in no. of WBC is known as
Leucocytopneia
161
blood cancer is called as
leukemia
162
WBC are divided in two parts
granulocytes
agranulocytes
163
granulocytes contain
neutrophills
eosinophills
basophills
164
argranulocytes contain
lymphoctes
monocytes
165
lymphocytes contain
B- lymphocytes
T - lymphocytes
Natural killer cells
166
neutrophills are also known as
poly morphonuclear leucocyte
167
neutrophill nucleus is
multilobed
168
most abundant WBC / leucocyte is
Neutrophills
169
neutrphills are ________ % WBC
60 - 65 % WBC
170
neutrphills undergo _____________ which allows them to migrate towards sited of infection or inflammation
amoeboid movement
171
neutrophills are ___________ capable of ingesting microrganisms
phagocytes
172
basophill nucleus is ___________
trilobed
173
basophills can be stained by a
basic dye [ methylene blue ]
174
basophills secretes
histamine - vasodialator
serotonin - vasoconstrictor
heparin - anti coagulant [ mucopoly saccharide ]
175
basophills in which kind of reactions and infections ?
allergeic Rxns
inflammatory Rxns
parasitic infections
176
basophills have surface for ____________ which gives feedback to basophills
IgE
177
eosinophilsls have ___________ nucleus
bilobed nucleus
178
eosinophills are ______________ % WBC
2 - 3 % WBC
179
eosinophills can be satined by
acidic dye [ eosin dye ]
180
eosinophills are innvolved in ___________ reactions
allergic reactions
181
eosinophills work against _____________ infections
helminthic infections
viral infections
182
basophils work against which kind of parasite ?
unicelluar parasite
183
eosinophills work against which type of parasite ?
multicellular parasite
184
monocyte are ___________ % WBC
6 - 8 % WBC
185
monocyte has _____________ nucleus
largest nucleus
186
shape of monocyte nucleus is
kidney or horseshoe shaped
187
monocyte undergo ____________ movement which allow them to migrate towards sites of infection or inflammation
amoeboid movement
188
which WBC are phagocytic and show diapedisis
neutophils and monocyte
189
monocyte can differentiate into _________ and __________
macrophage and dendritic cells
190
both macrophage and cells are __________ in nature
phagocytic in nature
191
lymphocyte are ______________ % in total WBC
20 - 25 % WBC
192
the main function of lymphocyte is to _____________
produce antibodies and protect against virus, bacteria and toxins
193
T - cells are sythesised by _____________ and during which period
bone marrow during fetal period
194
T - cells are matured, differentiated, and stored in ____________
thymus [ under the hormone thymosine ]
195
primary lymphoid organ are
red bone marrow [ first priority ] and thymus
196
The organs which undergo formation maturations of lymphocytes are known as
primary lymphoid organs
197
lymphocyte becomes effector cells in __________ organ
secondary lymphoid organ
198
secondary lymphoid organs are
spleen [ main secondary organ ]
lymph nodes
tonsils
peyer's patches
vermiform appendix
199
all lymphocytes are produced from ___________ and become effector cells in ___________
produced from red bone marrow and effector cells in secondary lymphoid organs
200
B - lymphocytes mature in ____________ whereas T - lymphocyte matures in __________
B - lympho = bonemarrow
T - lympho = thymus
201
red bone marrow and thymus are
primary lymphoid organs
202
B - lymphocyte further develope into _____________ and _____________ in secondary lymphoid organs
plasma B - cells and memory B cells
203
plasma B cells secretes ___________
antibodies
204
what is the work of memory B cells ?
to store information about the antigen
205
B cells forms ____________________ immunity
humoral mediated immunity
206
T cells forms ______________ immunity
cell mediated immunity
207
types of T cells are
T helper - deals with virus infected cells
T cytotoxic - deals with virus infected cells
T suppressor / regulatory - forms immunological boundary
T memory - stores information
208
what is the role of natural killer cells ?
they play major roles in eliminating tumor cells and virus infected cells
209
formation of platelets is called as ?
thrombopoiesis
210
platelets are also called as
thrombocytes
211
thrombocytes do not have which cell organelle ?
nucleus but contains other cell organelle
212
shape of platelets is
irregular disc like
213
diameter of platelets is
2 - 4 micrometer
214
no. of thrombocytes present in 1 mm3 are
1,50,000 - 3,00,000
215
lifespan of platelets is
7 - 8 days
216
platelets are removed by which cell and where ?
they are removed by the macrophages in the spleen and the liver
217
under the influence of which hormone megakaryocyte splinter into 2000 - 3000 fragments ? what are these fragments enclosed by a piece of the plasma membrane known as ?
thrombopoietin
platelets
218
what are the functions of the platelets ?
innvolved in the blood clotting
promotes tissue repair
release of serotonin and thromboxane [ responsible for platelet aggregation at the site of injury ]
prevents tumor growth and killing
have known role in inflammatory / allergic reactions
219
role of platelets in the context to blood clotting is
release of thromboxane and thromboplastin [ clotting factor B ]
220
role of platelets in context to other than blood clotting is
release of serotonin
221
clot or coagulum formed mainly of a network of threads called ________________ in which dead and damaged formed elements of blood are trapped
fibrins
222
blood exhibits coagulation or clotting in response to _________________
an injury or trauma [ emotional shock following stressful event ]
223
clotting process innvolves series of linked enzymatic reactions known as _____________
Cascade's process
224
Cascade's process innvoves a no. of factors present ___________ in an __________ form
present in plasma in an inactive form
225
what is meant by Hemostasis ?
hemostasis means prevention of blood loss
226
what is the factor - 3 known as
tissue factor , tissue thromoboplastin , thrombokinase or prothrombokinase
227
what is factor - 4 known as
calcium ion
228
what is factor - 5 known as
proaccelerin , labile factor , Ac-globulin
229
what is factor - 8 known as
antihemophillic factor - A ,
230
what is factor - 9 known as
antihemophillic factor - B , Christmas factor
231
what is factor - 10 known as
stuart-prower factor
232
what is factor - 12 known as
hageman factor
233
what is factor - 13 known as
fibrin stabilising factor
234
prothrombin and fibrinogen are plasma protein formed in _____________
liver
235
___________ is required for normal activation of prothrombin and few other clotting factors
vitamin K
236
_________________ acts as clotting factor as well as a cofactor in clotting
calcium ion
237
________________ and ______________ are the chemicals which are vitamin K depletors
Dicumarol and Warfarinn
238
____________________ enzyme degrades fibrin clots
plasmin of fibrinolysin
239
degradation of fibrin is known as
fibrinolysis
240
___________ , ___________ and ____________ are clot busters
Asprin , strptokinase , tissue plasminogen activator [tPA]
241
which chemicals are used to preserve blood and prevent blood clots for long time in blood blanks ?
EDTA [ ethyl diamine tetra acetate ] , sodium , pottasium citrate , ammonium , oxalates
242
most important element in blood clotting is
calcium ion
243
three particular type of bleeding tendency or bleeding are caused by
1- vitamin K deficiency
2- hemophillia
3- thromtocytopnia [ platelet deficiency ]
244
hemophillia occurs due to
hemophillia - A - low level of factor - 8
hemophillia - B - low level of factor - 9
typically from one's parent through a X chromosome carrying a non functional gene
245
blood is categorised into different groups on the absence or presence of various _____________
Antigens
246
the two major blood groups are
ABO and Rh
247
the erythrocytes contain inherited antigens composed of ________________________
glycoprotein and glycolipids
248
there are two types of antigen
self antigen and non self antigen
249
self antigen examples are
blood groups antigen and Rh antigen
250
antigens are called as _________
agglutinogens because they often cause blood agglutination
251
the ABO blood group is based on two glycolipid antigens called as ___________________
A and B
252
blood group antigens are located on chromosome ______ on the ______ gene
chromosome 9 on the I gene
253
AB blood group shows _____________
co-dominance
254
universal donor is
O-
255
Which blood group is the universal acceptor
AB+
256
blood groups antibodies present in plasma belong to
IgA and IgM
IgA - 2 attachment max
IgM - 10 attachment max
257
Rh antigen similar to one present in __________ is also observed on the surface of RBC of majority of humans [ _______ % ]
Rhesus monkey
80 %
258
which blood group has maximum antigens
AB+
259
which blood group has no antigen
O-
260
during blood transfusion what should be matched between donor and recipient
1- blood group
2- Rh group
3- MHC [ major histocompatibility complex ]
