Body Fluids And Circulation Flashcards
(104 cards)
1
Q
Plasma is ___ % and formed elements ___% of the blood
A
55
45
2
Q
Colour of plasma
A
Straw coloured
3
Q
Plasma has ___ % water and ___ % of proteins
A
90-92
6-8
4
Q
Proteins in blood and their function
A
Fibrinogen - clotting factor
Albumins - maintaining osmotic balance
Globulins - defence mechanisms
5
Q
Where is fibrinogen produced
A
Liver
6
Q
Clotting factors present in plasma in what form
A
Inactive
7
Q
Which are the most abundant formed elements in blood
A
Erythrocytes (rbc)
8
Q
Average rbcs in healthy man
A
5 to 5.5 million per mm^3
9
Q
RBC is formed where in adults
A
Red bone marrow
10
Q
RBC is formed where in embryo
A
Yolk sac
11
Q
RBCs contain ___ which is ___ in colour and contains ___
A
Haemoglobin
Red
Iron
12
Q
Function of RBC (haemoglobin)
A
Transport of respiratory gases
13
Q
Life span of RBS
A
120 days
14
Q
Where are RBCs destroyed (graveyard of RBC)
A
Spleen
15
Q
Which organelles do RBCs lack
A
Nucleus
Mitochondria
16
Q
Number of WBC in blood
A
6000 to 8000 per mm^3
17
Q
Types of WBCs
A
Granulocytes
Agranulocytes
18
Q
Types of Granulocytes
A
Eosinophils
Neutrophils
Basophils
19
Q
Types of Agranulocytes
A
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
20
Q
Most abundant WBC
A
Neutrophils - 60-65 percent
21
Q
Least abundant WBC
A
Basophils - 0.5 to 1 percent
22
Q
Phagocytic WBCs are
A
Neutrophils and Monocytes
23
Q
Basophils secrete ___ , _____ & ____ and are involved in _____ reactions
A
Histamine
Serotonin
Heparin
Inflammatory
24
Q
Neutrophils %
A
60-65 %
25
WBC involved in anti allergic reactions and resist infections
Eosinophils
26
% of Eosinophils
2-3
27
% of Lymphocytes
20-25
28
Lymphocytes are of ___ & ___ types and are responsible for ___ responses of the body
B
T
Immune
29
Thrombocytes are ___ produced from ___
cell fragments
Megakaryocytes
30
No of thombocytes in blood
150,000 to 400,000 per mm^3
31
Mismatched blood transfusion leads to
Severe clumping of ( destruction of RBCs)
32
ABO grouping is based on
Surface antigens on RBCs
33
AB-
O-
Universal recipient
Universal donor
34
Rh antigen is observed on __% of humans
Nearly 80
35
An Rh -ve blood when exposed Rh +ve, blood will form_____
specific antibodies against the Rh antigens
36
A special case of RH incompatibility has been observed between the RH ___ blood of a pregnant mother with RH ___ blood of the fetus
negative
positive
37
Rh incompatibility between pregnant mother and foetus results in ___or ___to the baby
Severe anaemia
Jaundice
38
Special case of Rh incompatibility between pregnant mother and fetus is called as___
Erythroblastosis foetalis
39
Clot or coagulum is formed of a network of threads called____ along with ________ trapped in it
Fibrins
Formed elements
40
Prothrombin in converted to ____ by _______ enzyme complex
Thrombin
Thrombokinase
41
Thrombin converts ____ into ____
Fibrinogens
Fibrins
42
Coagulation of blood is a _____ process
Cascade
43
___ ions play important role in blood clotting
Calcium
44
____ has same mineral distribution as plasma
interstitial or tissue fluid
45
Exchange of nutrients , gases etc. b/w blood and tissue takes place through ____
Interstitial or tissue fluid
46
Lymph is a ____ fluid containing specialised ____ which are responsible for immune responses
colourless
lymphocytes
47
Closed circulation is present in ?
Annelids and Chordates
48
Open circulation is present in
Arthropods and molluscs
49
Fishes have ___ chambered hearts
2
50
Reptiles and amphibians (except crocodiles) have ___ heart with ___ atria and ____ ventricles
3 chambered
2
1
51
Birds mammals and crocodiles have ___ heart
Four Chambered
52
Fishes have ____ circulations
Single
53
Amphibians and reptiles have _____ circulations
Incomplete double circulations
54
In which animals do the deoxy and oxy blood get mixed
Amphibians and reptiles
55
Mammals and birds have _____ circulations
Double
56
Human circulatory system , is also called?
Blood vascular system
57
Heart is a ____ derived organ
Mesodermally
58
The heart is tilted slightly to the ____ side
left
59
Heart is enclosed by a _____ walled membranous bag , called _______
double
pericardium
60
The atrium and ventricle of the same side are separated by a thick ___ tissue called the______
Fibrous
Atrio-ventricular septum
61
Opening between:
left ventricle and left atrium-
Right ventricle and right atrium-
Bicuspid or mitral valve
tricuspid
62
Opening of right ventricle into the ____
And opening of left ventricle into the _____ are provided with _____valves
Pulmonary artery
Aorta
semilunar valves
63
SAN location
Right upper corner of the right atrium 
64
AVN location
Lower left corner of the right atrium close to the atrio-ventricular septum
65
The bundle of nodal fibres that arise from AV node are called what?
AV bundle
66
The AV bundle divides and gives rise to minute fibres throughout the _____musculature called ______ fibres
Ventricular
Purkinje
67
Nodal musculature in the heart is what?
Auto excitable 
68
Which node generates the maximum number of action potentials and how much?
SA node
70-75 per minute
69
The responsibility for initiating and maintaining rhythmic contractile activity of the heart is of
Sino atrial node 
70
relaxed state of heart chamber/s -
Contracted state of heart chamber-
Diastole
systole
71
_____ systole increases the flow of blood into the ventricles by about _____%,
Atrial
30
72
Duration of each cardiac cycle is
0.8 seconds
73
Each ventricle pumps out about ____ml of blood every cardiac cycle which is called____
70
Stroke Volume
74
Average cardiac output is?
5 L
75
The first heart sound …. is associated with the closure of the ….and the …. valves whereas the second heart sound …. is associated with the closure of the ….valves
lub
Tricuspid
Bicuspid
Dub
Semilunar valves
76
ECG:
machine-
Result -
Electrocardiograph
Electrocardiogram
77
P-wave represents what?
P wave represents the electrical excitation or Depolarisation of the atria that is contraction of both the atria.
78
What does the QRS complex represent?
The QRS complex represents the Depolarisation of the ventricles, which initiates ventricular contraction
79
The T wave represents the return of the …. from …. to …. state that is ….
Ventricles
Excited
Normal
Repolarisation
80
Pathway of Pulmonary circulation
Right ventricle (Deoxygenated Blood) - pulmonary artery - lungs - oxygenates - pulmonary vein - Left atrium
81
Basically, each artery and vein consists of three layers: an inner lining of……….., the tunica………, a middle layer of …….. and ……. , the tunica……., and an external layer of ………….., the tunica externa.
squamous endothelium
intima
smooth muscle
elastic fibres
media
fibrous connective tissue with collagen fibres
82
Pathway of systemic circulation
Left Ventricle (Oxygenated blood ) - Aorta - Arteries - Arterioles - Capillaries- Venules - Veins - Vena Cava - Right Atrium
83
A unique vascular connection exists between the intestine and liver called?
Hepatic portal system
84
What system is present in our body exclusively for circulation of blood and from the cardiac musculature.
Coronary System of blood vessels
85
The heart is auto regulated by specialised muscle in the heart called?
Nodal tissue
86
The heart is auto regulated and hence is also also called
Myogenic
87
The Heart is regulated by which part of the neural system
Autonomic nervous system
88
The sympathetic neural signal can alter the heart rate in what way and how
Increase rate of heart beat and increase strength of ventricular contraction
Thus increase Cardiac Output
89
The parasympathetic nervous system alters the cardiac output in what way and how?
Decreases rate of heartbeat and reduces the speed of conduction of action potential
Thus decreases cardiac output
90
Adrenal medullary hormones can alter the cardiac output in what way
Increases Cardiac output
91
Normal blood pressure
120/80
92
130/ 75 - in this:
130 represents what
75 represents what
130 present systolic or pumping pressure
75 represents diastolic or resting pressure
93
A person is diagnosed with high blood pressure when
Repeated checks of blood pressure shows 140/90 or higher
94
High blood pressure or hypertension leads to
Heart diseases and affects vital organs like brain and kidneys
95
What is heart attack
It is sudden damage caused to heart muscles due to inadequate supply of blood to it
96
Heart attack is also known as
Myocardial Infarction
97
What is Cardiac Arrest
When the heart suddenly stops beating
98
What is Heart Failure
It is when the heart is not able to pump enough blood to reach the needs of the body
99
Explain coronary artery disease (CAD)
Caused due to deposition of calcium , fat ,cholesterol and fibrous tissue in the coronary arteries that is arteries that supply blood to the heart.
This leads to narrowing of the lumen of coronary arteries
100
Coronary artery disease is also known
Atherosclerosis
101
Heart failure is also known as congestive heart failure because of?
It is also known as congestive heart failure because one of the main symptoms of heart failure is congestion of lungs
102
What is angina pectoris or angina?
It is acute chest pain caused due to inadequate supply of oxygen to heart muscles
103
Angina occurs due to
Conditions that affect the blood flow to heart muscles
104
Angina is more common than what people
It is more common in middle and elderly people
