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Zoology > Breathing And Exchange Of Gases > Flashcards

Breathing And Exchange Of Gases Flashcards

1
Q

Respiratory centre is composed of neurons located where?

A

Medulla oblongata and pons

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2
Q

Respiratory rhythm centre location

A

Medulla of hind brain

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3
Q

Pneumotaxic centre location

A

Pons region of hind brain

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4
Q

Respiratory rhythm centre can?

A

cause expiration and inspiration

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5
Q

Pneumotaxic centre can ?

A

reduce duration of inspiration

moderate function of respiratory rhythm centre

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6
Q

Strong signals from Pneumotaxic centre cause?

A

Shallow and fast breathing by shortening duration of inspiration

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7
Q

Chemosensitive area located ?

A

Adjacent to respiratory rhythm centre ( medulla oblongata)

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8
Q

What is chemosensitive area sensitive to?

A

concentration or partial pressure of CO2

concentration of H ions (pH)

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9
Q

Chemosensitive area gets activated due to ____ and ____ concentration ,which in turn activates the ____ centre for altering rate of respiration

A

Increase in CO2
H ion
Respiratory Rhythm

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10
Q

Disease caused due to allergens

A

Asthma

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11
Q

Symptoms of asthma

A

Spasm of smooth muscles in bronchioles
coughing
Wheezing
Inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles

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12
Q

Disease caused due to cigarette smoking

A

Emphysema

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13
Q

Symptoms of emphysema

A

Difficulty exhaling
Walls of alveoli damaged causing decrease in respiratory area
chronic disorder

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14
Q

Disease caused due to continuous exposure to dust in work place involving stone breaking or grinding

A

Occupational Respiratory Disorders

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15
Q

Disease characterised by fibrosis of upper parts of lungs

A

Pneumoconiosis

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16
Q

Which of the following can activate the chemosensitive area?

A

High ( or increase) CO2 and high H ion concentrations

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17
Q

Which can alter respiratory mechanism

A

Pneumotaxic centre
Chemosensitive centre

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18
Q

Chemo-Receptors located at places other than brain

A

Aortic arch
Carotid artery

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19
Q

How do aortic arch and carotid artery receptors function?

A

Send signals to the respiratory rhythm centre to make changes when change in CO2 and H ion concentration is detected

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20
Q

Region responsible primarily for respiratory regulation

A

Respiratory rhythm centre

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21
Q

Organisms that respire through simple diffusion over their entire body surface

A

Sponges coelenterates, flat, worms, and other lower invertebrates

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22
Q

Which organism respires through moist cuticle

A

Earth worms

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23
Q

Insects respire through what?

A

Through a network of tubes to transport atmospheric air within the body

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24
Q

Respiration which insects follow another name

A

Tracheal respiration

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25
Q

Specialised vascularised structures called gills are used by most of the____and___ and___

A

Aquatic arthropods.
Molluscs.
Fishes

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26
Q

Respiration through gills is also termed as

A

Brachial respiration

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27
Q

Vascularised bugs called___ Are used by terrestrial forms of life like___,___and___and___

A

Lungs
Reptiles
amphibians
Birds.

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28
Q

Another word used for lungs

A

Pulmonary respiration

29
Q

Amphibians like___can also respire through their___also

A

Cutaneous respiration

30
Q

Respiration through moist skin is also

A

Cutaneous respiration

31
Q

Trachea extents upto _______ ,which divides into _____ at the level of the _____ vertebra

A

Mid thoracic cavity
Bronchi
5th thoracic

32
Q

Path of flow of gases

A

External Nostrils , nasal passage , nasal chamber , pharynx , larynx , trachea , Primary bronchi , Secondary bronchi , tertiary bronchi , terminal bronchioles , alveoli

33
Q

The ___,____,____ and ____ and initial ______ are supported by incomplete cartilaginous rings

A

Trachea
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary bronchi
Bronchioles

34
Q

Each terminal bronchiole gives rise to a number of very thin, irregular walled and vascularised bag like structures called___

A

Alveoli

35
Q

Protective covering of the lungs is called

A

Pleura or Pleural membranes

36
Q

The outer pleural membrane is in close contact with the ____ whereas the inner pleural membrane is in contact with the ______

A

Thoracic lining
Lung surface

37
Q

Conducting part of the respiratory system starts from a and ends at?

A

It starts with the external nostrils and ends up to the terminal bronchioles

38
Q

Respiratory or exchange part of the respiratory system constitutes what parts?

A

The alveoli and their ducts

39
Q

Function of the conducting part

A

Transporting atmospheric air to the alveoli.
Removal of foreign particles
Humidifiers and brings the air to body temperature.

40
Q

The thoracic chambers boundaries on all sides

A

Dorsally by the vertebral column.
Ventrally by the sternum.
Laterally by the ribs.
On the lower side by the diaphragm

41
Q

Inspiration is initiated by the contraction of ______ which increases the volume of the thoracic cavity in the _______ axis

A

Diaphragm
Antero- posterior axis

42
Q

A healthy human breathes how many times per min

A

12 to 16 times

43
Q

The volume of air involved in breathing movements can be estimated by using a ……. which helps in clinical assessment of pulmonary functions

A

spirometer

44
Q

Tidal volume = …… ml
that means a healthy human can inspire or expire approx …….. ml air per minute

A

500
6000 to 8000

45
Q

Total Lung Capacity

A

Tidal volume + Inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume + residual volume
Or
Vital capacity + residual volume

46
Q

Vital capacity =

A

ERV + TV + IRV

47
Q

Expiratory Capacity =

A

TV + ERV

48
Q

Inspiratory capacity

A

IRV + TV

49
Q

residual Volume ( RV)

A

1100 - 1200 ml

50
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

2500 to 3000 ml

51
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

1000 - 1100 ml

52
Q

……. are the primary sites of exchange of gases

A

Alveoli

53
Q

Diffusion depends on

A

1) concentration or pressure gradient
2) thickness of membrane

54
Q

pO 2 in-
Atmospheric air
Alveoli
Blood deoxy
Blood oxy
Tissue

A

(mm Hg)
159
104
40
95
40

55
Q

pCO2 of-
Tissue
blood oxy
blood deoxy
alveoli
Atmospheric air

A

45
40
45
40
0.3

56
Q

Solubility of CO2 is …….. times higher than O2

A

20-25

57
Q

Diffusion membrane is made up of three major layers namely-

A

Thin squamous epithelium of alveoli
Endothelium of alveolar capillaries ( 1 cell thick)
Basement Membrane between the two

58
Q

Total thickness of alveolar membrane

A

less than 1 mm

59
Q

Conditions in alveoli

A

high pO2 , low pCo2, low h ion concentration and low temp

60
Q

Conditions in tissue

A

low - pO2
High- pCo2 , h ion conc and temp

61
Q

Every 100 ml of blood delivers approx ….. ml of blood to tissue under normal conditions

A

5

62
Q

Oxygen dissociation curve is a ……. Type of curve

A

sigmoid

63
Q

1 molecule of haemoglobin can carry …… O2 molecules

A

4

64
Q

…… % of O2 is transported thru RBCs. The remaining …..% is transported in a ….. dissolved state thru plasma

A

97
3
Dissolved

65
Q

…….% of Co2 is carried by haemoglobin as ……. .

A

20-25
Caraminohaemoglobin

66
Q

RBCs contain a very high % of the enzyme ……. and minute quantities are present in the ……. as well

A

carbonic anhydrase
plasma

67
Q

…….+……<=> H2CO3 <=> ……. + …..

A

CO2 H2O
HCO3- H+

68
Q

Every 100 ml of blood delivers ….. ml of CO2 to the alveoli

A

4

Zoology (5 decks)

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