Breathing And Exchange Of Gases Flashcards by Dev Mehta

Respiratory centre is composed of neurons located where?

Medulla oblongata and pons

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Respiratory rhythm centre location

Medulla of hind brain

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Pneumotaxic centre location

Pons region of hind brain

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Respiratory rhythm centre can?

cause expiration and inspiration

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Pneumotaxic centre can ?

reduce duration of inspiration

moderate function of respiratory rhythm centre

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Strong signals from Pneumotaxic centre cause?

Shallow and fast breathing by shortening duration of inspiration

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Chemosensitive area located ?

Adjacent to respiratory rhythm centre ( medulla oblongata)

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What is chemosensitive area sensitive to?

concentration or partial pressure of CO2

concentration of H ions (pH)

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Chemosensitive area gets activated due to ____ and ____ concentration ,which in turn activates the ____ centre for altering rate of respiration

Increase in CO2
H ion
Respiratory Rhythm

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Disease caused due to allergens

Asthma

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Symptoms of asthma

Spasm of smooth muscles in bronchioles
coughing
Wheezing
Inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles

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Disease caused due to cigarette smoking

Emphysema

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Symptoms of emphysema

Difficulty exhaling
Walls of alveoli damaged causing decrease in respiratory area
chronic disorder

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Disease caused due to continuous exposure to dust in work place involving stone breaking or grinding

Occupational Respiratory Disorders

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Disease characterised by fibrosis of upper parts of lungs

Pneumoconiosis

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Which of the following can activate the chemosensitive area?

High ( or increase) CO2 and high H ion concentrations

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Which can alter respiratory mechanism

Pneumotaxic centre
Chemosensitive centre

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Chemo-Receptors located at places other than brain

Aortic arch
Carotid artery

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How do aortic arch and carotid artery receptors function?

Send signals to the respiratory rhythm centre to make changes when change in CO2 and H ion concentration is detected

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Region responsible primarily for respiratory regulation

Respiratory rhythm centre

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Organisms that respire through simple diffusion over their entire body surface

Sponges coelenterates, flat, worms, and other lower invertebrates

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Which organism respires through moist cuticle

Earth worms

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Insects respire through what?

Through a network of tubes to transport atmospheric air within the body

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Respiration which insects follow another name

Tracheal respiration

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Specialised vascularised structures called gills are used by most of the____and___ and___

Aquatic arthropods. Molluscs. Fishes

Respiration through gills is also termed as

Brachial respiration

Vascularised bugs called___ Are used by terrestrial forms of life like___,___and___and___

Lungs Reptiles amphibians Birds.

Another word used for lungs

Pulmonary respiration

Amphibians like___can also respire through their___also

Cutaneous respiration

Respiration through moist skin is also

Cutaneous respiration

Trachea extents upto _______ ,which divides into _____ at the level of the _____ vertebra

Mid thoracic cavity Bronchi 5th thoracic

Path of flow of gases

External Nostrils , nasal passage , nasal chamber , pharynx , larynx , trachea , Primary bronchi , Secondary bronchi , tertiary bronchi , terminal bronchioles , alveoli

The ___,____,____ and ____ and initial ______ are supported by incomplete cartilaginous rings

Trachea Primary Secondary Tertiary bronchi Bronchioles

Each terminal bronchiole gives rise to a number of very thin, irregular walled and vascularised bag like structures called___

Alveoli

Protective covering of the lungs is called

Pleura or Pleural membranes

The outer pleural membrane is in close contact with the ____ whereas the inner pleural membrane is in contact with the ______

Thoracic lining Lung surface

Conducting part of the respiratory system starts from a and ends at?

It starts with the external nostrils and ends up to the terminal bronchioles

Respiratory or exchange part of the respiratory system constitutes what parts?

The alveoli and their ducts

Function of the conducting part

Transporting atmospheric air to the alveoli. Removal of foreign particles Humidifiers and brings the air to body temperature.

The thoracic chambers boundaries on all sides

Dorsally by the vertebral column. Ventrally by the sternum. Laterally by the ribs. On the lower side by the diaphragm

Inspiration is initiated by the contraction of ______ which increases the volume of the thoracic cavity in the _______ axis

Diaphragm Antero- posterior axis

A healthy human breathes how many times per min

12 to 16 times

The volume of air involved in breathing movements can be estimated by using a ……. which helps in clinical assessment of pulmonary functions

spirometer

Tidal volume = …… ml that means a healthy human can inspire or expire approx …….. ml air per minute

500 6000 to 8000

Total Lung Capacity

Tidal volume + Inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume + residual volume Or Vital capacity + residual volume

Vital capacity =

ERV + TV + IRV

Expiratory Capacity =

TV + ERV

Inspiratory capacity

IRV + TV

residual Volume ( RV)

1100 - 1200 ml

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

2500 to 3000 ml

Expiratory reserve volume

1000 - 1100 ml

……. are the primary sites of exchange of gases

Alveoli

Diffusion depends on

1) concentration or pressure gradient 2) thickness of membrane

pO ₂ in- Atmospheric air Alveoli Blood deoxy Blood oxy Tissue

(mm Hg) 159 104 40 95 40

pCO₂ of- Tissue blood oxy blood deoxy alveoli Atmospheric air

45 40 45 40 0.3

Solubility of CO2 is …….. times higher than O2

20-25

Diffusion membrane is made up of three major layers namely-

Thin squamous epithelium of alveoli Endothelium of alveolar capillaries ( 1 cell thick) Basement Membrane between the two

Total thickness of alveolar membrane

less than 1 mm

Conditions in alveoli

high pO2 , low pCo2, low h ion concentration and low temp

Conditions in tissue

low - pO2 High- pCo2 , h ion conc and temp

Every 100 ml of blood delivers approx ….. ml of blood to tissue under normal conditions

Oxygen dissociation curve is a ……. Type of curve

sigmoid

1 molecule of haemoglobin can carry …… O2 molecules

…… % of O2 is transported thru RBCs. The remaining …..% is transported in a ….. dissolved state thru plasma

97 3 Dissolved

…….% of Co2 is carried by haemoglobin as ……. .

20-25 Caraminohaemoglobin

RBCs contain a very high % of the enzyme ……. and minute quantities are present in the ……. as well

carbonic anhydrase plasma

…….+……<=> H2CO3 <=> ……. + …..

CO2 H2O HCO3- H+

Every 100 ml of blood delivers ….. ml of CO2 to the alveoli

Breathing And Exchange Of Gases Flashcards

(68 cards)