Body Log

Question 1

How do you prepare light microscopy?

Answer 1

Preserve in formalin
Used melted paraffin/wax to make it hard
Cut slices with a microtome
Stain with haemotoxylin and eosin

Question 2

What is a cryasection?

Answer 2

A frozen sample made using a crystal

Question 3

What is polarised light microscopy?

Answer 3

Shows crystals like in gout- can show difference between gout and pseudo gout

Question 4

What is autoradiography?

Answer 4

Photograph taken to see molecules with a radioactive marker

Question 5

TEM

Answer 5

Uses an electron beam generated in a vacuum
Looks at dead tissue
Passes through tissue 
Very small wavelength 
X 250000 microscopy

Question 6

SEM

Answer 6

Electrons are reflected to give a 3D image

Question 7

Freeze fracture

Answer 7

Freeze tissue to -160 and hit with knife edge

Question 8

Immunohistochemistry

Answer 8

Determines protein or epitope is present on the cell surface
Indirect affects antibody attaching to the epitope
Immunofluorescence attaches antibody tag

Question 9

What is an ultrasound?

Answer 9

High frequency ultrasound wave = low wave length = good resolution
Low freq= high wave length= low resolution

Question 10

Types of cell junction

Answer 10

Tight junction 
Desomosomes 
Gap junction
Hemidesomosomes 
Focal adhesions
Integrins

Question 11

Tight junctions

Answer 11

Tightly connected to adjacent cells via lateral domain
For a seal to stop molecules passing through, molecules must pass through the cell so forms a partially permeable barrier

Question 12

Desomosomes

Answer 12

Cadherins interlock and connect cells

Intermediate fibres are also found on inside to keep the cells together and prevent stretching

Question 13

Gap junctions

Answer 13

Allow cell communication, connexons form channels for molecules to go through

Question 14

Hemidesomosomes

Answer 14

Half a desomosome

Found in cells/ tissues subject to abrasion links the cell to basal lamina

Question 15

Focal adhesions

Answer 15

Anchor intracellular actin filaments to the basement membrane uses integrins as transmembrane proteins

Question 16

Focal adhesions

Answer 16

Anchor intracellular actin filaments to basement membranes

Question 17

Integrins

Answer 17

Attach to cell and extracellular matrix

Question 18

What is the basement membrane?

Answer 18

Layer between epithelial cells and connective tissue and consists of basal lamina and reticular fibrils

Question 19

Types of cell to cell communication

Answer 19

Autocrine
Paracrine
Endocrine
Neurocrine

Question 20

What is autocrine communication?

Answer 20

Cell molecule releases molecules which bind to receptors on the cells own surface

Question 21

What is paracrine communication?

Answer 21

Substances are secreted to surrounding cells

Question 22

What is endocrine communication?

Answer 22

Secrete hormones into the blood

Question 23

What is neurocrine communication?

Answer 23

Neurone secretes hormones into the blood

Question 24

Apical domaine

Answer 24

Can be specilaised with microvilli, stereovili and cilia

Question 25

What is osmolality

Answer 25

Concentration of solutes and proteins per kg

Question 26

What is osmolarity?

Answer 26

Conc of solutes and proteins per litre of solution

Question 27

What is oncotic pressure?

Answer 27

Oncotic pressure is conc of proteins only

Question 28

What is normal osmolaity?

Answer 28

285-295 mOsmol/kg

Question 29

Hypotonic vs. Isotonic v. Hypertonic

Answer 29

Hypotonic- water moves into the cell Isotonic- water moves in and out of the cell equally Hypertonic- water moves out of the cells

Question 30

Limits of survival pH

Answer 30

6.8-7.8

Question 31

Water in 70 kg human

Answer 31

42 litres

Question 32

Extracellular water in 70kg human

Answer 32

14 litres

Question 33

Intracellular water in 70kg human

Answer 33

28 litres

Question 34

Volume of blood

Answer 34

5l

Question 35

3 layers of mucous membranes

Answer 35

Epithelium Lamina propria Muscularis mucosae

Question 36

Examples of serous membranes

Answer 36

Peritoneum Pleural cavity Pericardium

Question 37

What is the skin made of?

Answer 37

Stratum cornermen Granular layer Prickle layer Basal layer

Question 38

Skin functions

Answer 38

``` Protection Sensation Thermoregulation Excretion and secretion Immunity Endocrine- produce vitamin C Growth ```

Question 39

Common skin conditions

Answer 39

Acne Psoriasis Eczema

Question 40

What is acne?

Answer 40

Inflammation of pilosebacous follicles with hormonal causes- black and white heads Can be inflammatory Due to bacterium and sebum production

Question 41

What is psoriasis?

Answer 41

Hyperproliferation of keratinocytes- genetic and environmental cause- stress and drugs. Can be inflammatory. Due to bacteria and sebum production

Question 42

What is eczema?

Answer 42

Itchy, dry scaly skin. Itching leads to scratching which leads to thickness of skin . Use antihistamines and steroids

Question 43

Simple squamous epithelium

Answer 43

Thin flat cells | Called endothelium lining blood vessels and mesothelioma when part of serous membrane

Question 44

What are the four basic tissue types?

Answer 44

Epithelial Muscle Nerve Connective tissue

Question 45

Functions of connective tissue

Answer 45

``` Connects Transports Protects Storage Defence Wound healing ```

Question 46

Specilaised connective tissues examples

Answer 46

``` Blood Bone Haemopoetic Cartilage Lymphatic Adipose ```

Question 47

Type 1 collagen

Answer 47

Gives CT the strength and forms fibrils | Fibroblasts secrete procollagen

Question 48

Reticticular fibres

Answer 48

Type iii collagen | Gives a supporting framework and in lymphatic vessels and tissues

Question 49

Elastic fibres

Answer 49

Allow tissues to stretch and recoil. Elastic fibres are surrounded by microfilaments called fibrillin

Question 50

Cells in CT proper

Answer 50

Fixed -Fibroblasts- synthesis and secrete ground substance, mast cells melanocytes, mesenchymal stem cells Wandering- leukocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils, basophils and monocytes

Question 51

Loose CT proper

Answer 51

Abundant cells and watery ground substance, sparse collagen fibres, found beneath the epithelia around small blood vessels. Superficial layer of dermis.

Question 52

Dense CT proper

Answer 52

Few cells, lots of fibroblasts, lots of collagen fibres densely packed. Regular is where collagen fibres are arranged in parallel bundles to withstand stress in one direction. Irregular is when collagen fibres are arranged in various directions

Question 53

Ground substance

Answer 53

Viscous, clear substance with high water content and made of proteoglycans . Proteoglycans are large macromoleculeswith core glycosaminoglycans attached via .