body organization

Question 1

what is a Cell

Answer 1

: basic unit of an organism (life)

Question 2

what are Tissues

Answer 2

: group of same cells that have the same
function (activity; do the same thing)

Question 3

what are Tissues the groups

Answer 3

Types of tissues: muscle, nervous, connective,
epithelial (= covering; skin and organ lining)

Question 4

what are Organs

Answer 4

contains different tissues but performs a specific function (activity); example: heart – pumps blood; stomach – store food; begins breakdown solid food

Question 5

what are Organ Systems

Answer 5

group of different organs working together to perform a major (complex) function

Question 6

what are organ systems part 2

Answer 6

Types of Human Organ Systems: Skeletal, Muscular, Digestive, Circulatory (see below), Lymphatic, Respiratory, Excretory, Nervous, Endocrine, Reproductive, Immune Example: Circulatory System – transports materials to (nutrients) and from (waste) body cells

Question 7

Homeostasis vs. Dynamic Equilibrium

Answer 7

Dynamic Equilibrium: a state of balance in nonliving, physical systems

Question 8

what is Homeostasis (Regulation):

Answer 8

the process by which an organism’s internal environment is kept stable in spite of change in the external environment [a state of balance/stability in living, biologic systems]

Question 9

what is a Vertebral Column:

Answer 9

backbone

Question 10

what is a Vertebrae:

Answer 10

disc-like small bones separated by cartilage (protection, flexibility, movement)

Question 11

what is a Joint:

Answer 11

where two bones come together; allows bones to move in different ways

Question 12

what are Immovable joints:

Answer 12

no movement; ex: skull bones Movable Joints: movement

Question 13

what are Ligaments:

Answer 13

tissue holding joints together; bone to bone

Question 14

what is Cartilage

Answer 14

: cushion

Question 15

Hinge joint:

Answer 15

forward/backward; ex: knee, elbow

Question 16

Ball & Socket Joint:

Answer 16

free movement; ex: shoulder, hip

Question 17

Pivot Joint

Answer 17

: side to side rotation; ex: neck

Question 18

Gliding Joint:

Answer 18

sliding motion; ex: wrist, ankle

Question 19

Bone Structure

Answer 19

(phosphorus, calcium):

Question 20

Compact Bone

Answer 20

(outer): hard, dense; carrying blood vessels and nerves

Question 21

Spongy Bone

Answer 21

(inner): holes (porous); lightweight but strong

Question 22

Marrow

Answer 22

(central interior): soft tissue inside bone

Question 23

Osteoporosis:

Answer 23

mineral loss leading to weak, brittle bones.

Question 24

Involuntary Muscles:

Answer 24

not under conscious control; example: heart beat, breathing, digesting food

Question 25

Voluntary Muscles:

Answer 25

underconscious control; example: facial expressions, walking

Question 26

Striated=

Answer 26

muscle with lines

Question 27

Nonstriated=

Answer 27

muscles without lines

Question 28

Skeletal Muscles:

Answer 28

attached to and moves bones of the skeleton Striated muscle Voluntary muscle Quick, fast but tires quickly

Question 29

Tendon:

Answer 29

attached muscle to bone

Question 30

Cardiac Muscle:

Answer 30

heart only striated, branchingmuscle involuntary muscle does not tire

Question 31

Smooth Muscle:

Answer 31

part of internal organs and blood vessels. not striated involuntary muscle moves slowly, tires more slowly

Question 32

Muscles work in pairs because

Answer 32

. . . Muscle cells can only contract (they can not extend or expand).(they can not extend or expand). One muscle contracts, the other muscle relaxes

Question 33

SKIN FUNCTION

Answer 33

Covers and protects from injury, infection, water loss Regulates body temperature Removes waste (perspiration) Collects environmental information Produces Vitamin D

Question 34

LARGEST ORGAN IN THE HUMAN BODY

Answer 34

Skin consists of: epidermis – outer layer dermis – inner layer

Question 35

EPIDERMIS (OUTER LAYER):

Answer 35

No nerves, no blood vessels

Question 36

Upper Epidermis

Answer 36

(dead cell layer) – consists of dead cells which shed after two weeks

Question 37

Lower Epidermis

Answer 37

(skin producing factory) – consists of living epidermal cells which divide forming new cells. After two weeks, they die, move upward becoming part of the Upper Epidermis surface layer.

Question 38

Function:

Answer 38

protects, cushions, carries away bacteria, produces melanin.

Question 39

Melanin

Answer 39

– skin (color) pigment which protects against burning

Question 40

DERMIS:

Answer 40

located below the epidermis and above the fat layer contains the nerves, blood vessels, sweat and oil glands, hair follicle.

Question 41

Sweat glands-

Answer 41

produce perspiration (temperature regulation)

Question 42

Oil glands –

Answer 42

waterproof hair and keeps skin moist

Question 43

Hair follicle –

Answer 43

site of hair growth

Question 44

Below Dermis:

Answer 44

Fat Layer, Muscle, Bone

Question 45

Skin Health:

Answer 45

diet keep clean and dry limit sun exposure

Question 46

Skin Cancer:

Answer 46

over exposure to sunlight can damage skin cells where cells divide uncontrollably (basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma). Too much Sun: skin leathery and wrinkled

Question 46

Digestive System Functions:

Answer 46

1. breakdown food into nutrient molecules 2. absorption of nutrient molecules (into Circulatory System) eliminate solid waste (Excretory System)

Question 47

Absorption:

Answer 47

nutrient molecules pass through wall of small intestine into bloodstream (Circulatory System)

Question 48

Digestion Notes

Answer 48

Digestion: breakdown food into nutrient molecules. Two (2) types of digestion:

Question 49

Mechanical Digestion:

Answer 49

physical breakdown by chewing (mouth) and churning (stomach)

Question 50

Chemical Digestion:

Answer 50

chemicals (enzymes, acids) breakdown food. Example: enzymes in mouth breakdown starch into sugars, acids in stomach breakdown proteins

Question 51

Mouth:

Answer 51

digestion begins; saliva contains water, DNA, enzymes (which breaks down starches). Teeth physically breaks down food.

Question 52

Teeth Types:

Answer 52

incisors: cut into pieces canines: tear, slash into pieces molars: crush and grind into powder

Question 53

Enzyme:

Answer 53

protein that speeds up chemical reactions

Question 54

Esophagus

Answer 54

: muscular tube connecting mouth to stomach.

Question 55

Epiglottis:

Answer 55

flap (sheet) of tissue which seals off trachea (windpipe) to lungs.

Question 56

Peristalsis:

Answer 56

involuntary muscular contractions that push food toward stomach and through intestines.

Question 57

Stomach:

Answer 57

holds/stores food; where protein breakdown begins: mostly mechanical digestion (churning) but some chemical digestion (acids, enzymes) occurs.

Question 58

Digestive Juice:

Answer 58

HCL acid and pepsin (enzyme).

Question 59

Stomach Function:

Answer 59

holds and stores food; protein (breakdown) digestion begins.

Question 60

Small Intestine Function:

Answer 60

most chemical digestion and absorption (into Circulatory System) occurs; enzymes enter small intestine from small intestine wall, liver and pancreas.

Question 61

wall

Answer 61

Wall covered by finger-like villi which absorb nutrient molecules.

Question 62

Villi

Answer 62

Villi increase surface area which increases rate of absorption. (feeding of body cells)

Question 63

Nutrient

Answer 63

molecules move by osmosis from small intestine into capillaries (Circulatory System).

Question 64

Liver Function:

Answer 64

breaks down medicine and alcohol (poisons, toxins) removes nitrogen produces bile

Question 65

Bile:

Answer 65

stored in gallbladder (below liver); like a “dish detergent” . . . physically breaks down large fat particles into small fat particles.

Question 66

Pancreas Function:

Answer 66

produces enzymes which enter small intestine and chemically breaks down fats, proteins and complex carbohydrates (starch).

Question 67

Large Intestine Functions:

Answer 67

→ contains good bacteria that produces Vitamin K (clots blood)

Question 68

Rectum:

Answer 68

stores undigested solid waste

Question 69

Anus:

Answer 69

muscular opening at end of rectum

Question 70

Pepsin:

Answer 70

enzyme that breaks down protein.

Question 71

Mucus:

Answer 71

covers stomach wall which protects stomach against ulcers (= holes in stomach wall)

Question 72

HCL Acid:

Answer 72

chemical that breaks down solid food into paste (chyme); kills bacteria