Body Organization & Connective Tissues Flashcards
1
Q
Body anatomical regions
A
Contains 3 general regions:
Head/Neck
Trunk
Extremities
2
Q
Head/Neck
A
Skull - Cranial region
Neck - Cervical region
3
Q
Trunk
A
Contains 4 general regions: Thorax Abdomen Pelvis Perineum
4
Q
Thorax
A
Interval between the base of the neck and the xiphoid process.
Anterior - pectoral region
Posterior - superficial back/scapular region
5
Q
Abdomen
A
Interval between the xiphoid process and the os innominate.
Anterior wall - umbilical region
Posterior wall - lumbar region
Inguinal region - region between abdomen and pelvis
6
Q
Pelvis
A
Interval between the os innominate and the urogenital/rectal hiatuses.
Inguinal region
Little representation on outer body wall; pelvic cavity.
7
Q
Perineum
A
Region between thighs and buttocks, inferior to pelvis.
Urogenital region
Anal region
8
Q
Extremities
A
Upper limb, not arm!
Lower limb, not leg!
9
Q
Upper Limb
A
Distinguish the following regions:
Shoulder, axillary, brachium/arm, cubital fossa, antebrachium/forearm, carpus, hand/manus, digits.
10
Q
Lower Limb
A
Distinguish the following regions:
Gluteal region, inguinal, femoral/thigh, popliteal fossa, crus/leg, tarsus/ankle, pedis/foot, digits
11
Q
Axillary
A
Armpit
12
Q
Brachium/Arm
A
Biceps region
13
Q
Cubital Fossa
A
Anterior of elbow
14
Q
Antebrachium
A
Forearm
15
Q
Carpus
A
Wrist region
16
Q
Manus
A
Hand
17
Q
Upper limb digits
A
Fingers
18
Q
Gluteal region
A
Glutes/Butt
19
Q
Inguinal
A
Groin region
20
Q
Femoral
A
Thigh
21
Q
Popliteal fossa
A
Back of the knee region
22
Q
Crus
A
Distal leg, calf
23
Q
Tarsus
A
Ankle
24
Q
Pedis
A
Foot
25
Lower body digits
Toes
26
Two developmentally distinct regions of body
1. Axis
| 2. Appendicular
27
Axis
Develops first as an embryo; head to tail region.
Head
Neck
Vertebral column
Ribs
*Does not include limb "girdles" (pelvis, scapula)
28
Appendicular
Limb girdles and limbs.
| It is how the limb is attached to the axis.
29
Normal position
Anatomical position.
| Always assume this position unless noted otherwise.
30
Prone
Facing down, laying on pelvis
31
Supine
Facing up, laying on spine. Toes are pointing both standing or laying.
32
Saggital Plane
Separates body left and right.
33
Midsaggital plane
Separates body exactly in half, left and right. Divides the parietal bones.
34
Parasaggital plane
Any other left/right cut down the body to the lateral sides of the midsaggital.
35
Corononal/Frontal plane
Separates front and back of body.
| *Different in embryo due to corneal change of bone.
36
Horizontal/Transverse plane
Divides the body in half, top and bottom. Is parallel to the floor.
37
Ventral
Front of body
| Especially use for embryos
38
Dorsal
Back of body
| Especially use for embryos
39
Superior
Toward the head.
| Works well for axis region.
40
Inferior
Towards feet or tail.
| Works well for axis region.
41
Proximal
Closer to the trunk.
| Reserved for limbs.
42
Distal
Farther from the trunk.
| Reserved for limbs.
43
Cephalic
Head
| *Not appropriate for bipeds.
44
Caudal
Tail
| *Not appropriate for bipeds.
45
Anterior
In front of body
46
Posterior
In back of body
47
Lateral
Away from midline
48
Medial
Towards the midline
49
Superficial
Near the surface
50
Deep
Further internally
| *Visualize a pin transecting layers
51
Palmar
Palm of the hand
52
Plantar
Sole of the foot
53
Peripheral
Towards the edge or outside
54
Origin of connective tissue components of the body
1. Gastrulation
2. Notochord formation
3. Neurulation
4. Mesodermal organization
5. Neural crest
55
Embryonic Period
Characterized by 3 events: gastrulation, notochord formation, and neurulation.
56
Gastrulation
Specialized cells are here to form spinal cord, etc...
The process which establishes all three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm). Occurs while embryo is in form of a disc with ectoderm sitting on amniotic sac.
57
Notochord formation
2nd event in embryonic period for connective tissue origin. A patch of mesoderm. Cells generally hypertrophy as they become specialized.
58
Neurulation
The cells of the neural plate are induced to invaginate and form the neural tube.
Neural plate/crest > neural fold > neural tube.
59
Mesodermal organization
Newly formed mesodermal germ layer becomes organized into different regions during development. A portion becomes somites which are destined to become various axial tissues.
Connective tissues, bones, blood, blood vessels.
Evagination occurs as well, and cells break off into liver, spleen, etc.
60
Neural crest
```
As the neural folds fuse, a portion of the neuro-ectoderm begins to lose affinity for the forming tube. This population of cells forms a mass called Neural Crest. A new rise of neural crest cells form, as well as dorsal root ganglia in the embryo. Other crest cells migrate away and give rise to:
Schwann cells
Meninges
Contribution to pigment cells
Adrenal medulla
Autonomic ganglia
Parts of head musculature
Other tissue
```
61
Endoderm
Innermost.
| Gives rise to lining of digestive and respiratory tracts.
62
Primary Induction
When neural crest cells invaginate or sink into the core.
63
Primary Induction
When neural crest cells invaginate or sink into the core.
64
CT Structures of body
```
Usually refers to fibrous tissues.
Dermis
Hypodermis
Fascia
Tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses
Cartilage
Bone
```
65
Dermis
Dominated by Type I collagen fibers, with very tight tension. Fibers in all different directions.
Vascular part of integument, high density of collagen and elastic fibers, wrinkles due to breakdown of elastic fibers.
66
Hypodermis
Loose connective tissue (ex: areolar). Sometimes adhesive and appear as a spiderweb which can be entrenched in adipose tissue.
Serves as padding
Found between layers of tissues or organs
"Superficial fascia"
Punctuated by frequented spaces, filled with usual structures or fat.
Collagen fibers with elastic fibers mixed in.
Tight over palms and soles of feet.
Loose in neck and back of arm.
67
Fascia
"Catch all" term.
Does not include hypodermis/superficial fascia, but does include deep fascia.
Forms sheets or layers between structures.
68
Tendons
Densely packed with collagen.
Attach muscle to bone.
Sharpey's Fibers
69
Ligaments
Densely packed with collagen.
| Attach bone to bone.
70
Aponeuroses
Densely packed with collagen.
A sheet of pearly white fibrous tissue that takes the place of a tendon in flat muscles having a wide area of attachment.
71
Cartilage
Functions to resist compression mainly and tension secondarily.
Usually found at bony articulations.
Matrix formed by chondroblasts & chondrocytes
Internally avascualar
No neural supply
72
Cartilage
Functions to resist compression mainly and tension secondarily.
Usually found at bony articulations.
Matrix formed by chondroblasts & chondrocytes
Internally avascular
No neural supply
Is ideal for growth under compressive conditions.
Can grow by surface apposition of interstitial growth.
73
Types of Cartilage
Hyaline cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Elastic cartilage
74
Hyaline Cartilage
Contains collagen fibrils
Found in tracheal rings, synovial joints, cranial base, epiphyseal plates.
Consists of shaft of collagen & ground substance, surrounded by perichondrium (which secretes chondroblasts).
75
Hyaline Cartilage
Contains collagen fibrils
Found in tracheal rings, synovial joints, cranial base, epiphyseal plates.
Consists of shaft of collagen & ground substance, surrounded by perichondrium (which secretes chondroblasts).
76
Fibrocartilage
Contains collagen fibrils
| Found in pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, menisci.
77
Elastic cartilage
Mainly elastic fibers
| Found in external ear, alar cartilages.
78
Bone
Very fibrous to bend and resist fractures.
Is an organ!
Functions: support muscles, mobility, protect viscera, and facilitate movement.
Red marrow forms RBC, WBC, and platelets.
Stem cell source
Storage of marrow, fat, and minerals (Ca++, K)
Very vascular and has neural supply
79
Cross Section of Bone
```
Cortex (cortical, compact)
Cancellous or spongy
Trabeculae
Periosteum - has cells that become osteoblasts
Endosteum - can produce bone cells
```
80
Blood supply to bone
Periosteal arteries
Epiphyseal arteries
Nutrient arteries (cortex, endosperm)
Anastmoses
81
Morphological types of bones
```
Classification according to:
development, shape, location/region.
Long bones
Flat bones
Short bones
Irregular bones
Sesamoid bones
Sutural or wormian bones
```
82
Long bones & parts
Ex: humerus, fibular, clavicle
Parts: Epiphysis, diaphysis, metaphysis, medullary cavity.
Line by endosteum. Have epiphyseal growth plate of hyaline cartilage in sub-adults.
Articular cartilage at the ends (hyaline).
83
Flat bones
Ex: bones of the cranial vault, sternum, ribs, scapula). All are compressed.
Two outer compact surfaces with intervening marrow space.
84
Short bones
Ex: carpals, tarsals
| Can have ossification centers that make them longer
85
Irregular bones
Ex: mandible, hyoid, vertebrae
86
Sesamoid bones
Ex: patella
Ossifies over time; once ossified, called a bone.
Small bones located within a tendon.
87
Sutural or wormian bones
Ex: the extra islands of bone within a cranial suture.
| May not serve a functional role, but develop due to excessive tension or ossification mishaps.
88
Medullary cavity
Part of long bones.
| Contains red or yellow marrow and cancellous bone.
