Body Parts (Exam 1)

Question 1

Medusa:

Answer 1

Pelagic, sac-like body form or growth stage (Cnidarians)

Question 2

Polyp:

Answer 2

Benthic, barrel-like body form or growth stage (Cnidarians)

Question 3

Radial symmetry:

Answer 3

Multiple vertical symmetry planes radiating outward from the center (Cnidarians)

Question 4

Basal Disc:

Answer 4

Flattened bottom of the polyp, where it attaches to the substrate.

Question 5

Oral Disc:

Answer 5

Flattened top portion of the polyp, on which the mouth occurs. (Cnidarians)

Question 6

Mouth:

Answer 6

The single opening to the central cavity (enteron) (Cnidarians)

Question 7

Pharynx:

Answer 7

Throat-like tube leading from mouth into the central cavity (enteron). (Cnidarians)

Question 8

Tentacles:

Answer 8

Arm-like, cnidoblast-bearing structures surrounding the mouth. (Cnidarians)

Question 9

Enteron:

Answer 9

Central body cavity, which contains mesentery and digestive tissues. (cndarians)

Question 10

Mesenteries:

Answer 10

Radiating vertical sheets of tissue (Cnidarians)

Question 11

Cnidoblasts:

Answer 11

“stinging cells”, which contain the poisonous nematocysts (Cnidarians)

Question 12

Nematocysts:

Answer 12

Toxin-bearing sacs within the cnidoblasts (Cnidarians)

Question 13

Corallum:

Answer 13

Skeleton of the entire coral colony

Question 14

Corallite:

Answer 14

Skeleton of a single coral polyp.

Question 15

Theca:

Answer 15

Outer wall of corallite

Question 16

Calice:

Answer 16

Bowl-shaped top surface of corallite.

Question 17

Fossula:

Answer 17

Deep, slot-like indentation in calice.

Question 18

Columella:

Answer 18

Pillar (axis) in center of corallite.

Question 19

Septa:

Answer 19

Radiating, vertical, blade-like partitions inside corallite.

Question 20

Tabulae:

Answer 20

Stacked, horizontal, platform-like partitions inside corallite.

Question 21

Dissepiments:

Answer 21

Multiple domed plates connecting the septa inside corallite.

Question 22

Ostium:

Answer 22

Small pore in the sponge wall, through which water enters the body.

Question 23

Canal:

Answer 23

Tubular channel starting at an ostium and extending through the sponge wall.

Question 24

Spongocoel:

Answer 24

Large cavity in the interior of the sponge body

Question 25

Osculum:

Answer 25

Large opening, through which water is expelled from the spongocoel.

Question 26

Spongin:

Answer 26

The soft, flexible, organic material that makes many sponges "spongy"

Question 27

Spicules:

Answer 27

Tiny, hard, needle-like structures of either silica or calcite (not all sponges have these)

Question 28

Zoarium:

Answer 28

Skeleton of the entire bryozoan colony; may assume various growth forms, such as encrusting, massive, branching (bush-like or stick-like), etc.

Question 29

Zoecium:

Answer 29

Body wall or skeleton iof individual bryozoan animal

Question 30

Aperture:

Answer 30

Main opening in zoecium through which the animal brings in water & food

Question 31

Operculum:

Answer 31

Hinged lid covering the aperture of some bryozoans (Cheilostomes)

Question 32

Zooid:

Answer 32

Individual bryozoan animal; typically <1mm in diameter

Question 33

Ancestrula:

Answer 33

Initial (sexually produced) zooid of the colony. (Bryozoan)

Question 34

Kenozooids:

Answer 34

Individuals specialized for asexual budding of other zooids in the colony. (Bryozoan)

Question 35

Gonozooids:

Answer 35

Individuals specialized for producing gametes (sex cells)

Question 36

Autozooids:

Answer 36

Normal feeding individuals within the colony.

Question 37

Rhabdosome:

Answer 37

Entire graptolite colony

Question 38

Zooid:

Answer 38

Individual graptolite animal

Question 39

Theca:

Answer 39

Chitinous shell of an individual zooid

Question 40

Sicula:

Answer 40

The single, conical theca of the first zooid in the colony; attached at top end to the nema

Question 41

Nema:

Answer 41

Hollow thread-like structure extending from the top of the sicula

Question 42

Stipe:

Answer 42

Single branch of a colony, containing a string of thecae.

Question 43

Dissepiments:

Answer 43

Connections between the stipes of some types of rhabdosomes

Question 44

Lophophore:

Answer 44

Distinctive feeding structure inside the brachiopod shell, consisting of two arm-like "brachia" that bear cilia, which beat back and forth in the water to create microcurrents and strain suspended food particles from the water; attached to inside of brachial valve.

Question 45

Brachia:

Answer 45

Two arm-like branches of the lophophore; attached to brachial valve.

Question 46

Pedicle:

Answer 46

Tough, fleshy stalk attached to pedicle valve and extending from the beak of the shell. (Brachiopod)

Question 47

Mantle:

Answer 47

Thin sheet of tissue that lines the inside of the brachiopod shell

Question 48

Periostracum:

Answer 48

Brown, scaley, organic "skin" coating the outside of some brachiopod shells.

Question 49

Adductor muscles:

Answer 49

Muscles that close the two valves of the shell.

Question 50

Diductor muscles:

Answer 50

Muscles that open the two valves of the shell (only found in Articulates).

Question 51

Pedicle adjustor muscles:

Answer 51

Muscles that move the main body mass around at the end of the pedicle (only found in Articulates).

Question 52

Oblique muscles:

Answer 52

Muscles that rotate and/or slide the two valves with respect to one another (only found in Inarticulates).

Question 53

Valves:

Answer 53

The two main parts of the brachiopod shell

Question 54

Brachial valve:

Answer 54

"Dorsal" valve, to which the lophopore is attached

Question 55

Pedicle valve;

Answer 55

"Ventral" valve, to which the pedicle is attached.

Question 56

Commissure:

Answer 56

Broad "anterior" margin of the shell opposite the pedicle and hinge.

Question 57

Beak:

Answer 57

Pointed "posterior" end of the shell, from which the pedicle protrudes.

Question 58

Hinge:

Answer 58

Structure at the beak that holds the two valves together and allows them to open and close in an articulated fashion (only found in Articulates).

Question 59

Tooth & socket structure:

Answer 59

Small projections & corresponding pits on inside of the beak.

Question 60

Interarea:

Answer 60

Outside pt of the shell located between the two pointed parts of the beak.

Question 61

Pedicle Opening:

Answer 61

Hole or notch in the beak to allow the pedicle to protrude from the shell.

Question 62

Foramen:

Answer 62

Round hole on the pedicle valve.

Question 63

Delthyrium:

Answer 63

"V"-shaped notch on pedicle valve.

Question 64

Notothyrium:

Answer 64

"V"-shaped notch on brachial valve.

Question 65

Brachidium:

Answer 65

Calcareous lophophore support on insde of bracial valve (only in Articulates)

Question 66

Crura:

Answer 66

Simple, forked brachidium in Rhynchonellids

Question 67

Spiralium:

Answer 67

Ornate, coiled brachidium in Spiriferids

Question 68

Loop:

Answer 68

Curved, lasso-like brachidium in Terebratulids

Question 69

Fold:

Answer 69

Broad central ridge (usually on brachial valve) extending from beak to commissure.

Question 70

Sulcus:

Answer 70

Deep central groove (usually on pedicle valve) corresponding to the fold.

Question 71

Laminae

Answer 71

Individual, thin, calcite layers that make up the stromatoporoid skeleton.

Question 72

Latilaminae:

Answer 72

Discrete units of multiple calcite laminae.

Question 73

Pillars:

Answer 73

Long calcite rods within the latilaminae; oriented perpendicular to the laminae.

Question 74

Mamelons:

Answer 74

Rounded bumps on the surface of a stromatoporoid skeleton.

Question 75

Astrohizae:

Answer 75

Star-like arrangment of radiating, branching grooves on the mamelons.

Question 76

Outer Wall:

Answer 76

Outermost of the two concentric walls of an archaeocyathid.

Question 77

Inner Wall:

Answer 77

Innermost of the two concentric walls of an archaeocyathid.

Question 78

Septa (Parietal Walls):

Answer 78

Rigid, radiating partitions that separate the outer and inner walls.

Question 79

Intervallum:

Answer 79

Open space between the outer and inner walls.

Question 80

Central cavity:

Answer 80

Open space inside the inner wall

Question 81

Tip:

Answer 81

Pointed bottom end of the archaeocyathid skeleton

Question 82

Holdfast:

Answer 82

Calcareous projections of the skeleton near its tip, which serves to anchor the archaeocyathid skeleton in place in the sediment.