Final Exam - Body Parts Flashcards
(75 cards)
1
Q
Gill
A
organ for respiration in water
2
Q
Lung
A
organ for respiration in air
3
Q
Notochord
A
stiff rod running longitudinally down the dorsal length of an embryonic vertebrate
4
Q
backbone
A
chain of disk-like vertebrae running down the dorsal length of an adult vertebrate
5
Q
nares
A
nasal openings
6
Q
orbits
A
eye sockets
7
Q
Purpose and location of temporal fenestrae:
A
serves to increase the area of attachment of powerful jaw muscles; side of skull
8
Q
Four types of temporal fenestrae in reptiles:
A
Anapsid, euryapsid, synapsid, diapsid
9
Q
Anapsid:
A
No temporal fenestrae
10
Q
Euryapsid:
A
One temporal fenestra located above the postorbital & squamosal bones
11
Q
Synapsid:
A
One temporal fenestra located below the postorbital & squamosal bones
12
Q
Diapsid:
A
Two temporal fenestrae, one located above & the other located below the contact between the postorbital & squamosal bones
13
Q
What has anapsid?
A
primitive reptiles & turtles
14
Q
What has euryapsid?
A
ichthyosaurs & plesiosaurs
15
Q
What has synapsid?
A
mammal-like reptiles
16
Q
What has diapsid?
A
lizards, snakes, crocodiles, pterosaurs, dinosaurs, & birds
17
Q
Five main anatomical characteristics of Saurischians (Theropods & Sauropods):
A
- lizard-like hip structure with pubis bone protruding forward.
- teeth in front part of jaw & along sides of jaw (no predentary bone)
- scissors-type jaw (shearing action)
- includes carnivores (theropods) & omnivores (sauropods)
- includes the largest dinosaurs (sauropods)
18
Q
What are carnivorous dinosaurs called?
A
theropods
19
Q
What are omnivorous dinosaurs called?
A
sauropods
20
Q
What has a lizard-like hip structure?
A
saurischians
21
Q
What has a pubis bone protruding forward?
A
Saurischians
22
Q
What has their teeth in front part of jaw and along sides of jaw (no predentary bone)?
A
Saurischians
23
Q
What are the largest dinosaurs?
A
Sauropods
24
Q
What two groups are included in the Saurischians?
A
theropods & Sauropods
25
Five main anatomical characteristics of Ornithischians:
1. bird-like hip strucutre with pubis bone protruding forward and backward
2. predentary bone in front part of jaw; teeth only along sides of jaw (no teeth in front)
3. nutcracker-type jaw (chomping action)
4. includes only herbivores
5. includes the greatest diversity of dinosaurs
26
What groups are included in the Ornithischians?
Ornithopods, Stegosaurs, Ankylosaurs, Pachycehpalosaurs & Ceratposians
27
What has a bird-like hip structure with pubis bone protruding forward and backward?
Ornithischians
28
What has a predentary bone in front part of jaw; teeth only along sides of jaw (no teeth in front)?
Ornithischians
29
What has a nutcracker-type jaw?
Ornithischians
30
What group includes the herbivores?
Ornithischians
31
What group includes the greatest diversity of dinosaurs?
Ornithischians
32
Label the ischium, ilium, and pubis on both the Saurischian and Ornithischian pelvis.
See 23a
33
Locate the jaw articulation point on both the Saurischian and Ornithischian skulls:
See 23a
34
Endothermic:
Body temperature controlled internally by metabolic processes "warm-blooded"
35
Ectothermic:
body temperature controlled externally by the ambient environment "cold-blooded"
36
Homeotherm:
An animal that maintains a constant body temperature (generally endothermic, but some large ectothermic animals in stable climates)
37
Poikilotherm:
An animal whose body temperature fluctuates significantly (generally ectothermic)
38
Give six pieces of evidence in support of endothermy in some dinosaurs:
1. Stable oxygen isotopes in bones
2. Bone microstructure (growth rings, canals, etc.)
3. Very low predator:prey biomass ratios in some occurrences
4. Broad geographic (latitudinal) distribution
5. Dinosaur anatomy is similar to that of early birds, and modern birds are endothermic
6. Herding behavior and post-natal care are typical of modern endotherms
39
Give five pieces of evidence against endothermy in some dinosaurs:
1. Fossils of dinosaur skin indicate no fur or feathers for insulation
2. Internal skull casts suggest that brain morphology was similar to that of modern reptiles
3. Predator:prey biomass ratios are equivocal
4. Large amount of food would be required for large endothermic dinosaurs
5. Dinosaur anatomy is basically reptilian, and modern reptiles are ectothermic
40
Label the nares, orbit, and temporal fenestra on the mammalian skulls
See 24a
41
Reproduction in the Eutherian ("Placental") mammals:
The embryo develops into a fetus inside a uterus (which is connected by an umbilical cord to a placenta in the uterine wall)
The young are born in a relatively advanced fetal stage (unlike monotremes and marsupials)
this group appeared in the cretaceous and is by far the most abundant and diverse groups of mammals today
42
When did the Eutherian mammals first appear?
Cretaceous
43
What is the most abundant and diverse group of mammals?
Eutherians
44
Embryo:
Earliest ontogenetic (developmental) stage of a mammal, which develops immediately from the fertilized egg; during part of this stage, the embryo possesses a notochord
45
Fetus:
Next ontogenetic stage of a mammal, which begins when the notochord disappears and the bones of the skeleton begin to be calcified and hardened.
46
Infant:
The ontogenetic stage that begins at the moment of birth and leads into adolescence, adulthood, etc.
47
Uterus:
The main reproductive organ in a female mammal, which contains the chorionic sac, which in turn contains the amniotic sac, which in turn houses the developing embryo/fetus.
48
Umbilical cord:
Tube which connects to developing fetus to the placenta
49
Placenta:
outgrowth of the wall of the uterus
50
What five important functions does the placenta serve for the fetus?
1. protection
2. nutrition
3. respiration
4. excretion
5. hormone secretion
51
Gestation Period:
Length of time elapses from fertilization of the egg (through the embryonic and fetal stages) to the birth of the infant mammal
52
Mammaries:
milk glands (contained inside breasts with nipples)
53
Viviparous:
live-bearing (the placentals & marsupials)
54
Oviparous:
Egg-laying (the monotremes)
55
What are the four basic tooth types in mammals?
Incisors, Canines, Premolars, Molars
56
Incisors:
Flat, chisel-like front teeth for nipping and biting food
57
Canines:
Sharply pointed corner teeth for stabbing and tearing food
58
Premolars:
Blade-like side teeth for ripping and tearing food
59
Molars:
Massive side teeth for chewing and grinding food
60
tusks of elephants are examples of:
incisors
61
tusks of walruses are examples of:
canines
62
fangs of wolves are examples of:
canines
63
sabers of extinct saber tooth cats are examples of:
canines
64
cuspids in humans are examples of:
canines
65
carnassials of carnivores are examples of:
premolars
66
bicuspids in humans are examples of:
premolars
67
In what are molars best developed?
ungulates
68
Dental Formula (in mammals):
Incisors-canines-premolars-molars (2-1-2-3 (in humans))
69
12 Anatomical characteristics of Homo (compared with the great apes & our hominid ancestors):
1. Upright posture & bipedal gait
2. "Foramen magnum" (sit of articulation of skull with backbone) positioned on bottom of skull
3. Flat-faced skull with short, shallow jaw
4. Absence of a "supraorbital ridge" (bony ridge across eyebrow)
5. Absence of a "sagittal crest" (narrow ridge on top of skull)
6. Rounder (parabola-shaped) "dental arcade" in the jaw
7. Incisors proportionately larger, and canines & molars smaller
8. Arms shorter than legs
9. Small thumbs positioned close to the other four fingers
10. Absence of an opposable big toe
11. Body sparesely covered with short hair
12. Very large brain (largest "crainal capacity" of all primates)
70
Foramen magnum:
sit of articulation of skull with backbone
71
supraorbital ridge:
bony ridge across eyebrow
72
sagittal crest:
narrow ridge on top of skull
73
What has the largest "cranial capacity" of all primates?
Homo
74
ilium:
uppermost and largest part of hip bone
75
ischium:
the curved bone forming the base of each half of the pelvis
