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Body Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of neurons

A

The main type of cell in the nervous system that carry out messages through electrical impulses.

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2
Q

Definition of nerve impulses

A

The electrical signal that a neuron transmits.

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3
Q

Definition of cell body

A

The main part of the nerve cell that contains all necessary components to keep the nerve cell alive like the nucleus (where DNA is stored). The cell body is also known as soma.

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4
Q

Definition of dendrites

A

A branched extension of the cell body that receive messages from other nerve cells.

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5
Q

Definition of axon

A

Part of the nerve cell that sends nerve impulses away from the cell body.

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6
Q

Definition of neurotransmitter

A

Chemicals that allow neurons to communicate with each other throughout the body.

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7
Q

Definition of synapse

A

The gap between two neurons which neurotransmitters carry a chemical signal across.

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8
Q

Definition of myelin sheath

A

The insulating layer covering the axon which increases the speed of an electric pulse.

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9
Q

Definition of sensory neurons

A

Nerve cells that detect changes in the environment via receptors and send messages to the brain.

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10
Q

Definition of motor neurons

A

Nerve cells that send messages from the brain to muscles or glands that carry out a response.

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11
Q

Definition of interneurons

A

Nerve cells that connect sensory neurons to motor neurons.

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12
Q

Job of the nervous system

A

Sense and respond to changes in your environment. This is done by receiving, processing and responding to the stimuli. It is involved in controlling all body movements and other vital systems including the heartbeat, breathing and digesting.

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13
Q

Job of the endocrine system

A

Regulate body functions by releasing hormones into the bloodstream via glands. The hormones effect growth and development, metabolism and reproduction.

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14
Q

Differences of the nervous system and endocrine system

A

The nervous system:
1. composed of neurons
2. uses electrical signals and neurotransmitters
3. very fast acting
4. short term effects
5. transmit signals via nerve cells

The endocrine system:
1. composed of glands
2. uses hormones
3. slow acting
4. long term effects
5. transmits signals via the bloodstream

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15
Q

Two parts of the nervous system and what they are made of

A

The central nervous system (CNS) is the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) connects everything to the brain and spinal cord by nervous tissue.

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16
Q

Function of the peripheral nervous system

A

Contains all the nervous tissue that links the CNS to the rest of the body. Responsible for sending information from the body to the brain and carrying out commands from the brain to the body.

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16
Q

What does the nervous system consist of

A

The nervous system is made up of the brain, spinal cord and nerves.

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17
Q

What are the 3 types of neurons

A

Sensory neurons, motor neurons and interneurons

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18
Q

What are sensory neurons

A

Nerve cells that detect changes in the environment via receptors and sends messages to the brain

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19
Q

What are motor neurons

A

Nerve cells that send messages from the brain to muscles or glands that carry out a response.

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20
Q

What are interneurons

A

Nerve cells that connect sensory neurons to motor neurons

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21
Q

What does our skin respond through

A

Pain receptors, temperature receptors and pressure receptors.

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22
Q

Endocrine glands…

A
  1. Relesae hormones into the bloodstream.
  2. Located all around the body
  3. Influence reproduction, metabolism, growth, ect.
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23
Q

Hormones…

A
  1. Affect behavior and emotions
  2. Stimulate growth and reactions
  3. Circulate throughout the whole body
  4. Are produced in glands
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24
Major endocrine glands (10)
Pineal gland, Pituitary gland (master gland), thyroid, thymus, hypothalamus, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovaries and testes.
25
What controls hormones
External and internal stimuli.
26
Target Cells
Hormones only work on certain cells, called target cells. The target cells have special receptors that recognize the hormones and allow them to influence that cell. "They 'fit' like lock and key"
27
Definition of negative feedback loop
Means that when enough hormone is in the body, the body stops producing the hormone until it is needed again.
28
Definition of homeostasis
Is the process of maintaining a constant internal environment.
29
Examples of homeostasis
1. Body temperature 2. Blood glucose levels 3. Water balance 4. Blood pressure
30
Pineal gland
Melatonin- managing sleep-wake cycle and reproductive cycle
31
Pituitary Gland (master gland)
Growth hormone- controls growth of bones and muscles Anti-diuretic hormone- increases absorption of water in kidneys Gonadotropins- controls development of ovaries and testes
32
Thyroid
Thyroxine- controls rate of metabolism - controls rate that glucose is used in respiration - promotes growth and muscle function
33
Thymus
Thymosin- promotes production and maturation of white blood cells
34
Adrenal Gland
Adrenaline- prepares body for emergencies - increases heart rate, breathing rate and depth of breathing - raises blood glucose level - diverts blood from gut to skeletal muscles (increases body function)
35
Pancreas
Insulin- converts excess glucose into glycogen in the liver Glycogen- converts glycogen back to glucose in the liver (regulates blood sugar)
36
Ovaries
Estragon- controls ovulation - female sex hormone - triggers female puberty
37
Testes
Testosterone- controls sperm reproduction - male sex hormone - triggers male puberty
38
Hypothalamus
Dopamine- gives sense of pleasure Thyrotropin- regulator of the thyroid gland
39
Parathyroid Gland
Parathyroid hormone- regulates minerals in the bloodstream
40
Negative feedback loop of blood glucose rising
Blood glucose rises above normal> beta cells of pancreas produces insulin> body cells take up more glucose and liver takes up glucose and build glycogen > blood glucose falls back to normal
41
Negative feedback loop of blood glucose falling
Blood glucose falls below normal> alpha cells of pancreas releases glycogen> liver breaks down glycogen and releases glucose> blood glucose rises back to normal
42
What would happen if the pancreas stopped working
The pancreas makes insulin, a hormone that regulates blood sugar. Without the production of insulin blood sugar levels (blood glucose) can become too high.
43
Chemical reactions of a metabolism
1. Digestion 2. Growth and repair 3. Manufacture of hormones
44
What does the nervous system do when there is an increase in temperature
The body starts to shiver as this produces heat. Blood flow is also reduced to your skin
45
Stimulus>>Response
Stimulus (anything the body senses) > receptor (organs and cells that detect changes in external and internal environments) > control center (uses information to decide what the body needs to do to maintain homeostasis) > effector (causes the response) > response
46
Four types of receptors and definitions
1. Photoreceptors- respond to light (eyes) 2. Mechanoreceptors- detect stimuli like touch, pressure and vibrations (skin, skeletal muscles) 3. Chemoreceptors- responsible for taste and smell, sensitive to chemical (nose and tongue) 4. Thermoreceptors- detect heat and cold in the environment (internal body temp, skin)
47
The endocrine system is made of
Glands that produce and secrete hormones into the bloodstream.
48
2 parts of the peripheral nervous system
Somatic and autonomic.
49
Autonomic function
Responsible for automatic functions such as breathing and heart rate. Relays information from the brain to internal organs allowing our body to function without conscious control.
50
Somatic function
Responsible for relaying information to the brain and skeletal muscles and controlling voluntary movement.
51
2 Parts of autonomic
sympathetic and parasympathetic
52
Sympathetic function
Increases activity of the organs
53
Parasympathetic
Decreases activity of the organs
54
Sensory division function
Transmits impulses from sense organs to the CNS
55
Motor division function
Impulses from CNS to muscles or glands.
56
Cerebellum function
Responsible for coordination and balance
57
Cerebrum function
Controls conscious thoughts and voluntary movement. Contains 4 parts
58
Brainstem (aka. medulla) function
Controls body's vital functions such as breathing, blood pressure and heart rate.
59
Spinal cord function
Acts as a communication pathway between the brain and rest of the body. Plays a key role in controlling movement, sensation and reflex.
60
Function of the CNS
Is the control center that processes all the information it receives from your sensory neurons about the environment, and decides whether it should make a response.
61
Brain function
Controls all parts of your body and is responsible for thinking, movement, learning, memory, and maintaining homeostasis
62
How does the nervous system controls body's reaction to a change in temperature.
The hypothalamus detects a change in the temperature. Nerves trigger sweat glands to release fluids to cool the skin. The nervous system also triggers muscles to shiver to generate heat.
63
Difference between receptor and effector
Receptor are the organs responsible for receiving external stimuli and transmitting them to the CNS. Effectors are the organs that carry out the CNS's instructions.
64
Process of the reflex arc
1. Stimulus is detected by a receptor 2. Sensory neurons send electrical impulses to relay neurons, which are located in the spinal cord 3.Motor neurons send electrical impulses to an effector 4.The effector produces a response
65
Why is the brain not involved in the reflex arc
The reflex arc does not involve the conscious part of the brain which makes it far quicker. Instead of traveling directly to the brain, sensory neurons of a reflex arc synapse in the spinal cord.
66
Example of receptor and effector
Effector- muscle or gland Receptor- skin or tongue
67
What is a reflex arc
An automatic and rapid response that minimizes any damage to the body.
68
What is the knee jerk reflex and how does it differ from conscious movement
The knee jerk reflex is an involuntary rapid response. A conscious movement is the awareness and ability of how you're moving and to activate a muscle voluntarily. The knee jerk reflex uses the cerebellum where as conscious thought uses the cerebrum.
69
Why is the pituitary gland called the master gland
Because it plays a crucial role in regulating and controlling many other glands and functions within the endocrine system. It releases hormones that influence the activities of other endocrine glands such as the reproductive glands, thyroid and adrenal gland.
70
Negative feedback loop of too much water in the blood
Hypothalamus acts as the receptor. The pituitary gland is the effector. ADH production is reduced or stopped. (response). And the water level in the blood decreases as a response.
71
Negative feedback loop of too little water in the blood
Hypothalamus is the receptor. Production of ADH starts as increases as a response and the feedback is the water levels in the blood increase.

Body Systems (4 decks)

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