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Anatomie- geneeskunde > Body Systems > Flashcards

Body Systems Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

Skeleton consists of

A

Cartilage and bone. Axial and appendicular skeleton

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2
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Consists of the bones of the skull and vertebral column, ribs and sternum

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3
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs

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4
Q

Cartilage definition

A

And avascular form of connective tissue consisting of extra cellular fibres embedded in a matrix that contain cells, localised and small cavities

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5
Q

In weight bearing areas/areas prone to pulling forces

A

Amount of collagen is greatly increased, cartilage is almost inextensible

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6
Q

When weight bearing/stress demands are less

A

Cartilage contains more elastic fibres and fewer collagen fibres

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7
Q

Cartilage function

A

-support soft tissues
- provide a smooth gliding surface for bone articulations at joints
-enable the development and growth of long bones

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8
Q

3 types of cartilage

A

Hyaline (most common), elastic and fibrocartilage

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9
Q

Hyaline

A

Matrix contains a moderate amount of collagen fibers

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10
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Matrix contains collagen fibres alongside a large number of elastic fibres

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11
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Matrix contains a limited number of cells and ground substance amidst a substantial amount of collagen fibres

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12
Q

Bone definition

A

A calcified, living, connective tissue that forms majority of the skeleton. Consists of an intercellular calcified matrix, containing collagen fibres and several types of cells

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13
Q

Bone functions

A
  • supportive structures for the body
  • protector of vital organs
  • reservoirs of calcium and phosphorus
  • levers on which muscles act to move
  • containers for blood producing cells
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14
Q

Two types of bone

A

-compact (trabecular)
-spongy (cancellous)

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15
Q

Compact bone

A

Dense bone that forms the outershell of all bones and surrounds spongy bone

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16
Q

Spongy bone

A

Consists of spicules of bone enclosing cavities, containing blood-forming cells.

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17
Q

Long bones

A

Tubular

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18
Q

Short bones

A

Cuboidal

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19
Q

Flat bones

A

Consists of two compact bone plates, seperated by spongy bone (skull)

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20
Q

Irregular bones

A

Bones with various shapes

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21
Q

Round or oval bones

A

Sesamoid bones (develop in tendons)

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22
Q

Bones are

A

Vascular and innervated

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23
Q

Joint definition

A

The sites where two skeletal elements come together

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24
Q

Types of joints

Study These Flashcards
A

Synovial and solid joints

25
Synovial joints
Connections between skeletal components where the elements involved are seperated by a narrow articulate cavity
26
Synovial joint characteristics
- 1st a layer of hyaline cartilage covers the articulating surfaces of the skeletal elements. - joint capsule. Consists of an inner synovial membrane and outer fibrous membrane -presence of additional structures, like articular discs, fat pads and tendons
27
Synovial membrane
Attaches to the margins of the joint surfaces at the interface between the cartilage and bone, enclosing an articular cavity.
28
Fibrous membrane
Formed by dense connective tissue and surrounds/stabilises joint
29
Types of synovial joints
Plane, hinge, pivot, bicondylar, condylar, saddle joint and ball and socket joint.
30
Plane joints
sliding or gliding movements when one bone moves across the surface of another
31
Hinge joints
Movement around one axis that passes transversely through the joint permit flexion and extension.
32
Pivot joint
Movement around one axis that passes longitudinally along the shaft of the bone, permit rotation.
33
Bicondylar joints
Movement in one axis with limited rotation around a second axis. Formed by two convex condyles that articulate with concave or flat surfaces
34
Condylar (ellipsoid) joints-
Movement around two axes that are right angles to eachother. Permit flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction
35
Saddle joint
Movement around two axes at right angles to eachother, articular surfaces are saddle shaped. Permit flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction
36
Ball and socket joints
Movement around multiple axes, permit flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction and rotation
37
Solid joint definition
Connections between skeletal elements where the adjacent surfaces are linked together by fibrous connective tissue /fibrocartilage.
38
Types of fibrous solid joints
Sutures (in skull where bones are linked by a thin layer of connective tissue) Gomphoses (occur between the teeth and adjacent bone) Syndesmosis- two adjacent bones are linked by a ligament.
39
Types of cartilaginous solid joints
Synchondroses- 2 ossification centers in bone remain seperated by a layer of cartilage. Symphes- two seperate bones are separated by cartilage.
40
Skin
Largest organ of the body consists of the dermis and epidermis
41
Epidermis
Outer cellular layer of stratified squamous epithelium (avascular and varies in thickness)
42
Dermis
Dense bed of vascular, connective tissue
43
Skin function
Acts as a mechanical and permeability barrier and as a sensory and thermoregulatory organ. It can initiate primary immune responses
44
Fascia
Connective tissue containing varying amounts of fat that seperate, support and interconnect organs and structures and allow the transit of vessels and nerves from one area to another.
45
Superficial (subcutaneous)fascia
Lies deep to and is attached to the dermis of the skin. It is made up of loose connective tissue (containing large amount of fat). Thickness varies over body
46
Superficial fascia function
Allows movement of skin over deeper areas of the body. Acts and a conduit for vessels and nerves, acts as a fat/energy reservoir
47
Deep fascia
Dense connective tissue. Outer layer is attached to the deep surface of the superficial fascia and and forms a thin fibrous covering over the deeper region of the body.
48
Deep fascia function
Categorise groups of muscles with similar functions and innervation. Surrounds individual muscles, vessels and nerves forming an investing fascia. Retinacula- thicker fascia holding tendons in place
49
Extraperitoneal fascia
Layer of deep fascia separating the membrane lining the abdominal cavity.
50
Muscular system consists of
Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle and smooth muscle.
51
Muscles can be controlled
Voluntarily or involuntarily
52
Muscles appear
Striated (striped) or smooth
53
Muscles associated with body wall
Somatic
54
Muscles associated with blood vessels and organs
Visceral
55
Skeletal muscle
Forms majority of muscle tissue in the body. It consists of parallel bundles of long multinucleated fibres with transverse stripes. Capable of powerful contractions, innervated by somatic and branchial motor nerves
56
Muscle function
The muscle moves bone and other structures and provides form and shape to the body
57
Cardiac muscle
Striated muscle found only in the walls of the heart. Contractions are less powerful- resistant to fatigue. Innervated by visceral motor nerves
58
Smooth muscle
Absence of stripes consists of elongated or spindle-shaped fibres capable of slow and sustained contractions. It is found in the walls of blood vessels. Innervated by visceral motor nerves

Anatomie- geneeskunde (2 decks)

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