body systems

Question 1

What are body systems?

Answer 1

Groups of organs and tissues that work together to perform a specific function.

Question 2

What is the integumentary system made up of?

Answer 2

• skin
• hair
• nails
• subcutaneous tissue below the skin
• sweat glands, sebaceous glands

Question 3

What are the roles of the integumentary system?

Answer 3

• acts as a barrier to protect the body from outside world
• retains body fluids (prevent dehydration)
• acts as a sensory organ to detect pain, pressure and temperature changes

Question 4

What is the skeletal system made up of?

Answer 4

Bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons
+ it comprises 20% of body weight and works in synchrony with the muscular system

Question 5

What are the roles of the skeletal system?

Answer 5

• body frame support
• protection of body organs
• movement
• calcium metabolism
• haematopoiesis in red marrow of the bone

Question 6

What is the muscular system made up of?

Answer 6

skeletal muscles
smooth muscles
cardiac muscles

Question 7

skeletal muscles are attached to what and show what movement

Answer 7

attached to bones
voluntary movement under CNS influence

Question 8

smooth muscles are attached to what and show what movement

Answer 8

in the walls of internal organs (blood vessels, GI tract, bladder, and uterus)
involuntary movements under ANS control

Question 9

cardiac muscles are attached to what and show what movement

Answer 9

in the walls of the heart
involuntary movements under ANS control

Question 10

What are the roles of the muscular system?

Answer 10

Roles include movement, posture maintenance, circulation, urination, vision, temperature regulation, digestion, stability, respiration, childbirth, organ protection

Question 11

What is the lymphatic system made up of?

Answer 11

a network of lymphatic capillaries, vessels, nodes and ducts carrying lymph (white blood cells) to the heart and lymphoid organs

Question 12

what is lymph

Answer 12

• derived from the interstitial fluid
• return proteins and fluid to bloodstream preventing oedema

Question 13

What are the roles of the lymphatic system?

Answer 13

• removal of toxins, waste and unwanted materials
• immune response
• transport of lymph
• maintain normal blood volume and pressure
• transport of fat

Question 14

what are the lymphoid organs

Answer 14

1. lymph nodes
2. thymus
3. spleen
4. tonsils
5. appendix

Question 15

following exposure to pathogens, what happens

Answer 15

lymphocytes proliferate in lymphoid organs and are released in the blood to the site of invasion

Question 16

What is the respiratory system made up of and its role?

Answer 16

Made up:
- mouth/nose
- pharynx
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi/lungs
its role is gas exchange. O2/CO2 + to act in synchrony with the cardiovascular and nervous systems

Question 17

What is the cardiovascular system made up of?

Answer 17

Heart
- a system of vessels, arteries, veins, and capillaries.

Question 18

What are the roles of the cardiovascular system?

Answer 18

• supply blood to specific body areas
• maintenance of homeostasis
• transport of nutrients
• removal of waste products
• control of osmolarity
• regulation of body temperature

Question 19

What is the digestive system made up of?

Answer 19

Mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small and large intestine, rectum
(smooth muscle responsible for the movements of the digestive tract)

Question 20

how does the small intestine contain exocrine and endocrine cells - examples of either?

Answer 20

exocrine (enzymes), endocrine (CCK and secretin)

Question 21

what does the small intestine do vs the large intestine in digestion

Answer 21

small - finishes digestion process and absorbs nutrients
large - absorption of water, electrolytes + elimination of faeces

Question 22

What are the roles of the liver in the digestive system?

Answer 22

The liver forms vitamin D
- synthesis and secretion of bile salts and plasma proteins
- carb lipid and protein metabolism
- main site of drug metabolism

Question 23

liver structure

Answer 23

• 2 major lobes containing lobules (functional units)
  a lobule = hexagonal structure made up of hepatocytes irregularly branching interconnected channels around a central vein

Question 24

what is blood supply to the liver like

Answer 24

• the hepatic artery supplies oxygenated blood
• hepatic portal vein carries deoxygenated blood containing nutrients from GI tract
• blood from branches of both vessels flow through sinusoids (spaces between hepatocytes), before draining into branches of the hepatic vein

Question 25

What are the roles of the digestive system?

Answer 25

- breakdown of protein and fats into smaller molecules (amino acids, fatty acids and glucose) that can be absorbed into the circulatory system - can be divided into the digestive tract and accessory organs

Question 26

role of the gallbladder

Answer 26

storage of bile (fluid produced by liver cells) - role in digestion and absorption of fats

Question 27

pancreatic endocrine vs exocrine functions

Answer 27

endocrine - secretion of insulin and glucagon exocrine - pancreatic enzymes

Question 28

What are the components in the urinary system and what do they do?

Answer 28

kidneys - primary organs that filter and excrete ureters - carry urine from kidneys to bladder urinary bladder - temp storage for urine urethra - carries the urine from bladder -> outside.

Question 29

What are the roles of the urinary system?

Answer 29

- maintenance of volume and composition of body fluids - removal of waste products - regulation of electrolytes in body fluids - maintenance of blood pH

Question 30

How do hormones work?

Answer 30

they are carried via circulation to other parts of the body, where they exert specific regulatory effects on their selected target cells, which possess hormone receptors - tho some act more generally

Question 31

What are the principal functions of the endocrine system?

Answer 31

- reproduction - growth and development - regulation of electrolyte composition of bodily fluids - control of energy metabolism

Question 32

What does the thyroid gland produce?

Answer 32

Produces thyroxine, tri-iodothyronine hormones, and calcitonin.

Question 33

What do the parathyroid glands secrete?

Answer 33

Secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) which plays a role in calcium metabolism.

Question 34

What do the adrenal glands produce?

Answer 34

Produce glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, gonadocorticoids, adrenaline, and noradrenaline.

Question 35

What does the thymus produce?

Answer 35

Produces thymosin that stimulates the maturation of lymphocytes.

Question 36

What does the pancreas produce?

Answer 36

Produces insulin and glucagon.

Question 37

What are the roles of the reproductive system?

Answer 37

- producing egg/sperm cells - transport of egg and sperm cells - production of hormones - development of embryo

Question 38

What does the male reproductive system consist of?

Answer 38

testes excretory ducts seminal vesicles prostate penis.

Question 39

What does the female reproductive system consist of?

Answer 39

ovaries fallopian tubes uterus vagina external genital organs

Question 40

What are the divisions of the nervous system?

Answer 40

CNS + PNS -> SNS + ANS -> SNS + PNS

Question 41

What is the spinal cord?

Answer 41

- divides into 31 segments, each one = a pair of spinal nerves - serves as a conduction pathway for impulses going to and from the brain - also serves as a reflex centre

Question 42

What is the brain divided into?

Answer 42

1. cerebrum 2. diencephalon 3. brain stem 4. cerebellum

Question 43

What connects the two hemispheres of the brain?

Answer 43

Connected by a band of white fibers called the corpus callosum.

Question 44

What is the cerebrum divided into

Answer 44

- divided into two cerebral hemispheres that are two separate entities connected by a band of white fibres, (corpus callosum) - Each cerebral hemisphere is divided into five lobes: the frontal lobe, the parietal lobe, the occipital lobe, and the temporal lobe.

Question 45

Where/What is the diencephalon?

Answer 45

the region of the brain that sits on top of the brainstem, below the cerebral cortex. It includes the thalamus (relay station for sensory inputs), hypothalamus (endocrine system), and epithalamus (pineal gland).

Question 46

What/where is the cerebellum?

Answer 46

located below the occipital lobes of the cerebrum. Three paired bundles of myelinated nerve fibres, called cerebellar peduncles, form communication pathways between the cerebellum and other parts of the central nervous system.

Question 47

What is the brain stem?

Answer 47

The region between the diencephalon and the spinal cord.

Question 48

What three regions does the brain stem include?

Answer 48

Includes the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.

Question 49

What is the midbrain?

Answer 49

The midbrain is the most superior portion of the brain stem. This region is associated with vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, arousal and temperature regulation.

Question 50

What is the pons?

Answer 50

The middle portion of the brain stem located between the medulla and oblongata and the midbrain. This region primarily serves as a bridge between various parts of the nervous system including the cerebellum and cerebral cortex.

Question 51

What is the medulla?

Answer 51

The medulla oblongata is the lowest portion of the brainstem and extends inferiorly from the pons. It is continuous with the spinal cord at the foramen magnum. All the ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) nerve fibres connecting the brain and spinal cord pass through the medulla oblongata.