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Body Systems Flashcards

(80 cards)

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1
Q

digestion

A

breakdown of food into a form that can be used by an animal

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2
Q

mechanical digestion (physical digestion)

A

digestion that uses physical factors such as chewing with our teeth

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3
Q

chemical digestion

A

chemical reactions changing food into simpler substances that are absorbed into the blood stream

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4
Q

alimentary canal (digestive track)

A

the place where food travels from mouth to anus

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5
Q

enzymes

A

chemicals that speed up the reaction but are not used up in the reaction

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6
Q

saliva

A

watery substance in the mouth that moistens food before swallowing

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7
Q

salivary glads

A

glands in the mouth that produce saliva

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8
Q

bolus

A

chewed up ball of food on your mouth which makes swallowing easier

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9
Q

esophagus

A

part of the digestive system composed of a tube which connects the mouth to the stomach

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10
Q

peristalsis

A

process of pushing food along the oesphagus or small intestine by the action of muscles

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11
Q

stomach

A

large muscular organ which mixes food with gastric juice to start to break down protein

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12
Q

small intestine

A

the part of the digestive system between the stomach and large intestine, where much of the digestion of food and absorption of nutrients takes place

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13
Q

absorption

A

the taking in of a substance, for example from the intestine to the surrounding capillaries

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14
Q

villi

A

tiny finger-like projections from the wall of the intestine that maximise the surface area of the structure to increase the efficiency of nutrient absorption.

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15
Q

nutrient

A

substances that provide energy and chemicals that living things need to stay alive, grow and reproduce

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16
Q

bile

A

a substance produced by the liver that helps digest fats and oils

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17
Q

gall bladder

A

a small organ that stores and concentrates bile within the body

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18
Q

lipids

A

types of nutrients that contain fat and oil

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19
Q

lipases`

A

enzymes that break fats and oils down into fatty acids and glycerol

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20
Q

amalyses

A

enzymes that break fats and oils down into fatty acids and glycerol

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21
Q

proteases

A

enzymes that break proteins down into amino acids

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22
Q

pancreas

A

a large gland in the body which produces and secretes insulin

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23
Q

colon

A

the part of the large intestine where a food mass passes from the small intestine, and where water and other remaining essential nutrients are absorbed into the body

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24
Q

large intestine

A

the penultimate part of the digestive system, where water is absorbed from the waste before it is transported out of the body

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25
vitamin D
a nutrient that regulates the concentration of calcium and phosphate in the bloodstream and promotes the healthy growth and remodelling of bone
26
cellulose
a natural substance that keeps the cell wall of plants rigid
27
rectum
the final section of the digestive system, where waste food matter is stored as faeces before being excreted through the anus
28
anus
where faeces is excreted
29
emuslify
combine two liquids that don't usually mix
30
denatured
proteins after they have been overheated
31
substrate
substance acted upon by an enzyme
32
product
result of a chemical equation
33
burping
release of gas through the mouth
34
heartburn
burning sensation caused by stomach acid rising through the esophagus
35
flatulence
release of gas through the anus
36
diorrheoa
excessive discharge of watery feaces
37
vomiting
the forceful ejection of matter from the stomach through the mouth
38
musculoskeletal system
consists of the skeletal system (bones and joints) and the skeletal muscle system (voluntary or striated muscle). Working together, these two systems protect the internal organs, maintain posture, produce blood cells, store minerals and enable the body to move.
39
skeletal system
bones and joints
40
skeletal muscle system
voluntary or striated muscle
41
skeleton
the bones or shell of an animal that support and protect it as well as allowing movement
42
bones
the pieces of hard tissue that make up the skeleton of a vertebrate
43
bone marrow
a substance inside bones in which blood cells are made
44
cartilage
a waxy, whitish, flexible substance that lines or connects bone joints or, in some animals such as sharks, replaces bone as the supporting skeletal tissue. The ears and tips of noses of people are shaped by cartilage.
45
calcium
an element occurring in limestone, chalk, also present in vertebrates and other animals as a component of bone, shell etc. It is necessary for nerve conduction, heartbeat, muscle contraction and many other physiological functions.
46
phosphorus
a substance that plays an important role in almost every chemical reaction in the body. Together with calcium, it is required by the body to maintain healthy bones and teeth.
47
minerals
any of the inorganic elements that are essential to the functioning of the human body and are obtained from foods
48
offisication
hardening of bones
49
brittle
breaks easily into many pieces
50
joint
region where two bones meet
51
ligaments
band of tough tissue that connects the ends of bones or keeps an organ in place
52
synovial fluid
the liquid inside the cavity surrounding a joint that helps bones to slide freely over each other
53
pivot joint
joint that allows twisting
54
hinge joints
joints in which two bones are connected so that movement occurs in one plane only
55
ball and socket joints
joints where the rounded end of one bone fits into the hollow end of another
56
immovable joints
joints that allow no movement except when absorbing a hard blow
57
muscles
tissue consisting of cells that can shorten
58
involuntary muscles
muscles not under the control of the will; they contract slowly and rhythmically. These muscles are at work in the heart, intestines and lungs
59
voluntary muscles
muscle attached to bones; it moves the bones by contracting and is controlled by an animal’s thoughts
60
tendons
tough rope-like tissue connecting a muscle to a bone
61
greenstick fracture
a break that is not completely through the bone, often seen in children
62
fracture
break in a bone
63
osteoperosis
loss of bone mass that causes bones to become lighter, more fragile and easily broken
64
sprains
injury caused by tearing a ligament
65
arthritis
a condition in which inflammation of the joints causes them to swell and become painful
66
tennis elbow
an injury due to strain or overuse that causes the elbow’s lining to become inflamed and painful
67
torn hamstring
a common sporting injury caused by overstretching the hamstring muscle, which joins the pelvis to the knee joint
68
excretion
removal of wastes from the body`
69
skin
external covering of an animal body
70
lungs
the organ for breathing air. Gas exchange occurs in the lungs.
71
liver
largest gland in the body. The liver secretes bile for digestion of fats, builds proteins from amino acids, breaks down many substances harmful to the body and has many other essential functions.
72
kidneys
body organs that filter the blood, removing urea and other wastes
73
nephrons
the filtration and excretory units of the kidney
74
ureters
tubes from each kidney that carry urine to the bladder
75
bladder
sac that stores urine
76
urination
passing of urine from the bladder to the outside of the body
77
urethra
tube through which urine is emptied from the bladder to the outside of the body
78
Bowman's capsule
a cup-like structure at one end of a nephron within the kidney, surrounding the glomerulus. It serves as a filter to remove wastes and excess water.a cup-like structure at one end of a nephron within the kidney, surrounding the glomerulus. It serves as a filter to remove wastes and excess water.
79
glomerulus
a cluster of capillaries in the kidney that acts as a filter to remove wastes and excess water
80
haemodylias
the process of passing blood through a machone

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