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Biology > Body Systems & Homeostasis > Flashcards

Body Systems & Homeostasis Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

stem cell

A

undifferentiated/unspecialized cells which can self-renew and develop into various cell types

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2
Q

cell differentiation

A

stem cells specialize and become specialized cells

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3
Q

gene expression

A

process where specific genes are expressed which dictates how a cell differentiates and functions

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4
Q

cell potency

A

a cell’s ability to differentiate into other cell types

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5
Q

totipotent

A

capable of differentiating into any cell type (e.g. zygote)

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6
Q

pluripotent

A

capable of differentiating into three germ layers (e.g. embryonic stem cell)

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7
Q

multipotent

A

capable of differentiating into limited cell types (e.g. adult stem cell)

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8
Q

unipotent

A

capable of differentiating into one cell type (e.g. somatic cell)

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9
Q

hierarchy of multicellular organisms

A

specialized cell → tissue → organ → system → organism

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10
Q

homeostasis

A

process where organisms maintain stable internal environments to maintain an optimal range for metabolism

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11
Q

negative feedback

A

homeostatic mechanism which employs receptors and effectors to achieve equilibrium and balance by reversing the direction of the stimulus

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12
Q

receptors

A

sensors which detect changes in both internal and external environments

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13
Q

thermoreceptor

A

temperature stimulus (e.g. skin)

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14
Q

chemoreceptor

A

specific chemical compounds stimuli (e.g. taste bud)

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15
Q

photoreceptor

A

light stimulus (e.g. eye)

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16
Q

mechanoreceptor

A

touch & pressure stimuli (e.g. skin)

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17
Q

nociceptor

A

pain stimulus (e.g. skin)

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18
Q

electroreceptor

A

electricity stimulus (e.g. skin)

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19
Q

osmoreceptor

A

osmotic pressure stimulus (e.g. hypothalamus)

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20
Q

baroreceptor

A

blood pressure stimulus (e.g. blood vessel)

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21
Q

effectors

A

muscles or glands which respond to receptors to correct imbalance

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22
Q

homeostasis in the body

A

nervous (electrical impulses) & endocrine (hormones) systems

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23
Q

small sa:v ratio

A

structural - mitigates heat loss through diffusion

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24
Q

fat/blubber

A

structural - traps heat through insulation

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25
large vascularized ears
structural - augments heat loss through a large surface area & many blood vessels
26
brown adipose tissue
structural - generates heat by converting stored fat
27
mitochondrial activity
structural - generates heat by producing energy (ATP)
28
vasodilation
physiological - expands blood vessels to increase heat loss to surroundings
29
vasoconstriction
physiological - shrinks blood vessels to decrease heat loss to surroundings
30
shivering
physiological - rapid contractions of skeletal muscles to generate heat
31
piloerection
physiological - creates layers of air that insulate the body
32
counter-current exchange
physiological - minimizing the heat gradient against surroundings
33
kleptothermy
behavioural - sharing or stealing another organism's body heat
34
torpor
behavioural - physiological process of lowering body temperature and metabolic rate to conserve energy
35
hibernation
prolonged torpor which occurs during winter for endotherms (e.g. mammals)
36
brumation
prolonged torpor which occurs during winter for ectotherms (e.g. reptiles)
37
aestivation
prolonged torpor which occurs during summer for ectotherms (e.g. lungfish)
38
gas exchange medium characteristics
moist; vascularized; thin; large surface area
39
counter-current exchange in fish
maximises oxygen intake through maintaining a concentration gradient water runs in the opposite direction to the blood flow
40
obligate air breather
fish that have poorly developed gills and are obliged to breathe air
41
facultative air breather
fish that have well-developed gills and are not reliant to breathe air
42
mammalian lung ventilation
ribs, intercostal muscles and diaphragm create negative pressure air flows from the trachea > bronchus > bronchiole > alveoli
43
frog lung ventilation
two-phase inhalation buccal cavity > lungs
44
oxygen dissociation curve (higher temperature)
right shift; haemoglobin has a lower affinity for oxygen, oxygen is more readily available
45
oxygen dissociation curve (higher carbon dioxide)
right shift; haemoglobin has a lower affinity for oxygen, oxygen is more readily available
46
oxygen dissociation curve (higher acidity / lower pH)
right shift; haemoglobin has a lower affinity for oxygen, oxygen is more readily available
47
oxygen dissociation curve (smaller animal size)
right shift; haemoglobin has a lower affinity for oxygen, oxygen is more readily available
48
oxygen dissociation curve (low oxygen)
left shift; haemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen, oxygen is less readily available
49
carbohydrates (monomer / digestive enzyme)
monosaccharides / amylase
50
proteins (monomer / digestive enzyme)
amino acids / protease
51
lipids (monomer / digestive enzyme)
fatty acids / lipase
52
nucleic acid (monomer)
nucleotides
53
foregut fermenters (ruminants)
cellulose digestion occurs in the rumen (e.g. cows)
54
hindgut fermenters (non-ruminants)
cellulose digestion occurs in the caecum (e.g. rabbits)
55
ammonia
high toxicity no ATP required to produce highly soluble high quantity of water required for excretion e.g. aquatic animals
56
urea
medium toxicity 3 ATP required to produce moderately soluble moderate quantity of water required for excretion e.g. mammals
57
uric acid
low toxicity 7 ATP required to produce barely soluble low quantity of water required for excretion e.g. reptiles
58
glomerulus
filtration of blood
59
bowman's capsule
filtration of blood
60
proximal convoluted tubule
re-absorption of glucose & ions
61
loop of henle
re-absorption of water & salt generation of a concentration gradient to produce urine
62
distal convoluted tubule
secretion to regulate pH
63
collecting tubule
collection of urine
64
endotherm
constant body temperature independent from the ambient temperature heat generated from an internal source (e.g. mammals)
65
ectotherm
changing body temperature dependent on the ambient temperature heat generated from an external source (e.g. reptiles)
66
osmoregulator
constant internal osmotic environment independent from the external osmotic environment osmotic gradient (e.g. humans)
67
osmoconformer
changing internal osmotic environment dependent on the external osmotic environment isotonic (e.g. lobsters)

Biology (6 decks)

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