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HOSA Pathophysiology <3 > Body Systems: Musculoskeletal > Flashcards

Body Systems: Musculoskeletal Flashcards

1
Q

bone growth and development

A

relies on the interplay between 3 constituent factors:
- minerals (calcium and phosphorus embedded in collagen, the bone’s main protein)
- protein (collagen: flexibility to bone, minerals confer hardness and rigidity)
- living cells (osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts)

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2
Q

three cell types of bone

A

osteocytes: mature bone cells
osteoblasts: bone-building cells
osteoclasts: bone-resorbing cells

cells receive nutrients through an organized system of blood vessels

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3
Q

bone types

A
  • bones are long, flat, or irregularly shaped
  • bone tissues: compact bone, spongy bone
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4
Q

compact bone

A

bone constituent are arranged in an organized fashion

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5
Q

spongy bone

A

contains marrow-filled spaces
–> red-marrow is found in these spaces at the end of long bones, and is the site of blood cell formation

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6
Q

long bone

A
  • contains medullary cavity
    –> houses yellow-marrow, which consists primarily of fat
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7
Q

bone growth

A
  • long bone growth occurs at the epiphyseal plate (growth plate), an area of cartilage near each expanded end of bone
  • during growth, cartilage is converted into bone through ossification
  • damage to growth plates during ossification prevents bone form reaching mature length
  • cells that are capable of forming new bone tissue in the periosteum
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8
Q

periosteum

A
  • highly vascular layer of fibrous connective tissue covering the surface of bones
  • periosteum also serves as a site of attachment for tendons
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9
Q

joints and synovial fluid

A
  • amount of movement at a joint is defined by the shapes of bones and type of connective tissue holding them together
  • for freely-moving joints, articulating bones are held together by ligaments
  • dense strands of collagen impart great strength to ligaments
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10
Q

synovial membrane

A

the inner surfaces of joint capsules are lined with a synovial membrane that secrete synovial fluid
–> fluid lubricates the joints

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11
Q

bursae

A

sacs of synovial fluid situated near certain frequently-moved joints (shoulder, knee) where they reduce friction during movement
–> cartilage on the articulating surfaces of bone also reduces friction

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12
Q

skeletal (voluntary) muscle

A

tissue is found in muscles that are firmly attached to bones by tendons
- consist of muscle fibre bundles held together by connectives tissue
- upon nerve stimulation at the myoneural junction, muscle fibres contract and shorten, which moves bone

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13
Q

smooth (involuntary) muscle

A

found in the walls of blood vessels

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14
Q

cardia muscle

A

an involuntary striated muscles found only in the heart

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15
Q

diagnostic tests and procedures

A

imaging technologies are required to see tissues
- x-rays and CT reveal fractures, dislocations, bone deformities, and calcification
- MRI visualizes joints, bones, and soft tissues
- arthroscopy is used to visualize the inside of join cavity –> joint fluid can be aspirated for chem analysis
- EMG measures electrical activity of muscles

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16
Q

osteomyelitis

A

an infectious uncommon bacterial infection of the bone, can occur following bone trauma or in diabetics

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17
Q

osteomyelitis ss

A

pain, redness, heat, chills, fever, leukocytosis
–> diagnosis can be confirmed with bone biopsy, white blood cell count, MRI, and CT

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18
Q

osteomyelitis treatment

A

antibiotics, through surgery may be needed to remove necrotic bone tissue

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19
Q

osteomyelitis prevention

A

treat compound fractures and infections promptly

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20
Q

tuberculosis

A
  • tuberculosis of bone is infectious, rare and associated with untreated pulmonary tuberculosis
  • caused by bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis
  • infection occurs when bacteria spread form the lungs to the bones
  • affected bones include the ends of long bones and the vertebrae
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21
Q

tb treatment

A

antibiotics and/or surgery

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22
Q

prevention

A

prompt treatment of pulmonary tb will limit spread to bone

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23
Q

vitamin and mineral-deficiency associated disorders

A

calcium and phosphorous are key to bone health, formation, and maintenance
–> vitamin D is necessary for dietary calcium to be absorbed, deficiencies can lead to soft, malformed, or fragile bones

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24
Q

osteoporosis

A

a disease characterized by porous bone that is abnormally fragile and susceptible to fracture
- 80% patients are women
- occurs when bone resorption exceeds bone formation
- no symptoms accompany bone loss until bones weaken enough to fracture (pelvis and vertebrae most susceptible)

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25
Q

osteoporosis prevention

A

diet rich in vitamin D, daily weight-bearing exercises to stimulate bone development, avoid smoking, limit alcohol and caffeine

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26
Q

rickets

A

rare disease of infancy pr early childhood in which bones do not properly ossify (harden)
- children with rickets develop bones that are soft, bend easily, and become deformed over time

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27
Q

rickets prevention

A

vitamin D-fortified milk and exposure to sunlight

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28
Q

osteomalacia

A

softening or calcification of bones in adults
- symptoms: muscle weakness, weight loss, and bone pains
- caused by inadequate dietary vitamin D, deficiency of Ca and P

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29
Q

osteomalacia treatment

A

vitamin D supplements, calcium-rich diet

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30
Q

Paget’s disease (osteitis deformans)

A

results in the overproduction of bone, particularly in the skull, vertebrae, and pelvis
- new bone tissue is abnormal and fractures easily
- excessive bony growth causes skull to enlarge, pressing on cranial nerves and may impair vision/hearing
- may also produce curvatures in the spinal column and leg deformities
- diagnosed by examination, x-ray, bone scan, and bone biopsy

31
Q

Paget’s disease treatment

A

calcitonin and etidronate, which reduce bon resorption and mithramycin which decreases calcium

32
Q

scoliosis

A

an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
- can be caused by fusion of the vertebrae during development, a neuromuscular abnormality, or weak back muscle development
- symptoms: lower back pain, fatigue
- diagnosis based on physical exam, history, and x-ray
- severe curvatures can be treated with braces or surgery, but cannot be prevented

33
Q

kyphosis

A

an exaggerated posterior curve of the thoracic spine that first occurs in adulthood
- caused by osteoporosis-induced vertebral collapse or degenerative arthritis
- symptoms: mild back pain, fatigue, tenderness, and difficulty breathing
- diagnosed with physical exam and x-ray
- treatment options limited, no current cure

34
Q

bone cancer

A

malignant bone tumours
- osteogenic sarcoma is a bone cancer that arises in the bony tissue itself and frequently affect the ends of long bones
- cause unknown
- ss: dull localization pain hat intensifies at night, bony masses, fractures near the sarcoma
- diagnosed with biopsy, x-ray, CT
- treatments are chemotherapy to reduce tumour size, followed by surgical removal

35
Q

bone trauma

A

trauma is leading cause of bone fractures
- most fractures require immobilization with a splint or cast, others (compound fractures) may require surgery, pins, and plates to heal

36
Q

bone trauma ss

A
  • visibly out-of-place limb or joint accompanied by intense pain
  • swelling, bruising, or bleeding
  • numbness and tingling
  • broken skin and protruding bone
  • limited mobility or inability to move a limb
37
Q

closed fracture

A

bone breaks cleanly but does not penetrate skin, can be called simple fracture

38
Q

open fracture

A

broken ends of bone protrude through soft tissues and skin, may result in osteomyelitis (serious), can be called compound fracture

39
Q

comminuted fracture

A

bone fragments into many pieces, common in those with conditions causing brittle bones

40
Q

compression fracture

A

bone is crushed, common in osteoporosis patients

41
Q

impacted fracture

A

broken ends of bone are forced into each other, common and results from falls; also common in hip fracture

42
Q

depressed fracture

A

broken bone is pressed inward, common in skull fractures

43
Q

spiral fracture

A

jagged break due to twisting force applied to bone, common fracture in sports injuries

44
Q

greenstick fracture

A

bone breaks incompletely, much in the way a green twig breaks, common in children, whose bones have proportionally more organic matrix and more flexible

45
Q

arthritis

A

inflammation of a joint and is a common joint disorder
- ss: persistent joint pain and stiffness, swollen joints, lost mobility, deformed and dysfunctional
- 4 main types:
- rheumatoid arthritis/autoimmune arthritis
- osteoarthritis
- gouty arthritis (gout)
- septic arthritis

46
Q

rheumatoid arthritis

A

chronic and debilitating autoimmune disease that affects several joints and their surrounding muscles, tendons, and ligaments
- pathogenesis involves rheumatoid factors (RF) hat form antibody complexes in the synovial fluid of joints –> attracts neutrophils to the joint, causing inflammation and destruction of nearby tissue
- ss: joint pain and swelling, stiffness, fatigue, weakness, weight loss
- progression can result in the formation of thickened granulation that further destroys the joint –> erosion, scarring, and fusion (ankylosis)
- diagnosis with x-rays and RF tests
- cannot be prevented, but treatments involve: disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDS), anti-inflammatory drugs and immune suppressants
- early treatment most effective

47
Q

osteoarthritis

A
  • most common form
  • primary: occurs with normal ageing
  • secondary: associated with joint injury, trauma, or obesity
  • degeneration occurs at the articular cartilage that caps the surface of bones in joint (causes underlying bone to be exposed and damaged)
  • bone ends thicken and develop spurs, which cause small joints to enlarge and become knobby
  • diagnosis requires a physical exam, x-ray of affected joint
48
Q

osteoarthritis ss

A
  • pain and stiffness in joint
  • muscle tension
  • muscle fatigue
  • affected joints lose their range of motion and associated muscles may weaken
49
Q

osteoarthritis treatment

A
  • no cure but treatments can relieve pain
  • combination of rest, mild exercise, and heat application
  • anti-inflammatory mediation
  • inject of steroids (cortisone) into joint capsule
  • surgical replacement for severe damage
50
Q

gout (gouty arthritis)

A
  • commonly affects the joints of the hands and feet, particularly the big toe metatarsophalangeal joint
  • attacks are related to excess uric acid in blood, resulted from defects in purine metabolism or abnormal retention of uric acids (high levels result in uric acid crystals in joints0
  • ss: pain, heat, swelling, and redness of joints
  • treatment: rest, application of hot/cold compresses, analgesics, colchicine (chronic), and agents that promote uric acid excretion
51
Q

septic arthritis

A
  • considered a medical emergency and develops due to bacterial infection of a joint
  • streptococci and staphylococci cause septic arthritis by invading a joint after surgery or taruma
  • infection may spread into blood from the primary infection site, which can be life-threatening (septicaemia)
  • treatment: antibiotics control the joint infection nd prevent speticemia
52
Q

bursitis

A
  • painful inflammation of bursae, typically in shoulder joint
  • common symptoms is pain-induced reduction of joint mobility
  • causes: repetitive motion, irritation, or injury of bursa
  • treatment: rest, anti-inflammatories, moist heat applications, and steroid injections into affected joint
53
Q

herniated disks

A
  • ruptures of cartilaginous pad between the bony bodies of adjacent vertebrae
  • main cause of lower back pain, a common orthopaedic problem in US
  • risk factors: age, obesity, trauma, genetics
  • can press on nearby tissues and nerves, causing pain and immobility (common in lumbar region)
  • treatments: anti-inflammatories, analgesics, surgery
  • cannot be prevented except by reducing known risk factors
54
Q

dislocation

A
  • displacement of bones from their normal position in a joint (most common in shoulder and inner joints)
  • cause pain and reduced mobility at the affected joint
  • bone must be reset and immobilized to allow healing of torn ligaments and tendons
55
Q

sprains

A
  • result from wrenching or twisting a joint that injures the ligaments
  • surrounding blood vessels, tissues, muscles, tendons, and nerves may also be damaged
  • swelling and discolouration due to hemorrhaging from ruptured blood vessels can occur, followed with extreme pain
  • treatments: immobilization of joint withs point or cast, initial cold compresses to reduce swelling, followed by heat compressed to relive discomfort and speed healing
56
Q

strains (pulled muscles)

A
  • result from the tearing of a muscle and/or its tendon from excessive use or over stretching
  • can be prevented by conditioning and warm-up before exercise
  • treatments: rest, initial icing to reduce immediate inflammation, followed by heating to encourage blood flow and promote healing
57
Q

RICE for joint trauma (wait lifeguarding coming in clutch)

A

Rest: immobilize joint
Ice: reduces inflammation and pain (10min intervals, many times a day)
Compression: immobilizes joint and reduces inflammation
Elevation (above heart level): reduce blood flow to joint, reducing inflammation and pain

58
Q

carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)

A
  • painful condition of the hand and is part of the repetitive motion injury class
  • affects 10% of working population in US
  • risk factors: gender (female), repetitive performance of manual tasks like typing or piano playing
  • begins as numbness in the hand but can progress to pain throughout the arm
  • diagnosis: physical exam, EMG, nerve conduction analysis
  • treatments: avoid repetitive activity, immobilize the hand, injection of steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs into carpal tunnel, surgery (severe)
59
Q

muscular dystrophy (MD)

A
  • variety of disorders that result in muscle degeneration and physical disability
  • different forms are transmitted differently and affect different muscles, but all forms are hereditary
60
Q

Duchenne’s MD

A
  • most common and serious type: caused by sex-linked gene that affected 2 per 10,000 ppl
  • cytoskeletal protein dystrophin is missing in patients
  • deficit causes death of muscle fibres, which are replaced by fat and connective tissue
  • skeletal muscles progressively weaken, and cardia muscle is affected in severe cases
  • diagnosed by EMG showing weak muscle contractions and muscle biopsy
  • treatment: physical and occupational therapy, exercise, and use of orthopaedic appliances
  • no cure or prevention
61
Q

myasthenia graves (MG)

A
  • rare autoimmune disorder of myoneural junction in which nerves fault to transmit an impulse to muscle, causing atrophy
  • occurs more in females
  • cause is unknown and risk factors unclear
  • symptoms: fatigue, inability to use voluntary muscles
  • respiratory failure is the most severe consequence of this disease
  • treatment: drugs that increase acetylcholine levels at the myoneurla junction, removal of enlarged thymus (common)
62
Q

muscle tumors

A
  • rare, but usually malignant when they occur
  • malignant tumours of skeletal muscle called rhabdomyosarcomas
  • tumours require surgical removal
  • prognosis is poor due to early metastasis
  • no known prevention
63
Q

age-related change to bones

A
  • bone density and strength decline steadily with age due to reduction in osteoblast activity
  • bone loss accelerates at menopause, making women significantly more susceptible to osteoporosis
64
Q

age-related change to joints

A
  • joint mobility decreases with a ge due to reduced synovial fluid production, stiffening of cartilage, and loss of ligament flexibility
  • arthritis incidence increases with age
65
Q

age-related change to muscles

A
  • number, length, and thickness of muscle fibres decrease with age
  • this reduces muscle strength and range of motion
  • muscles also become less sensitive to stimulation with age
  • exercise reduces the rate of these changes and helps maintain muscle mass, strength, and flexibility
66
Q

bones are soft in rickets due to a deficiency in which vitamin?

A

vitamin D

67
Q

what is the most common for of arthritis?

A

osteoarthritis

68
Q

biopsy in addition to electromyography (EMG) is a diagnostic test for which disorder?

A

muscular dystrophy (Duchenne’s MD)

69
Q

tuberculosis of bone is caused by which bacterium?

A

mycobacterium tubercolosis

70
Q

which disorder involves buildup of uric acid in the blood?

A

gout

71
Q

what are the principal minerals in bone?

A

Calcium and Phosphorous

72
Q

what is the main protein in bone?

A

collagen (remember for ur face!!)

73
Q

what cytoskeletal protein is absent is Duchenne’s MD?

A

dystrophin

74
Q
A

HOSA Pathophysiology <3 (6 decks)

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