Body Systems: Respiratory System Flashcards
(88 cards)
1
Q
pulse oximetry
A
procedure used to measure the oxygen level in the blood
- normal rates are > 90%
- lower rates indicate decrease in lung function
2
Q
material blood gases (ABGs)
A
used to evaluate levels fo O2 and CO2 and blood pH
3
Q
sputum analysis
A
helpful in diagnosing some respiratory diseases
4
Q
biopsy and imaging tests
A
- bronchoscopy: visual examination of air passages leading to lungs
- laryngoscopy: visual examination of the back of the throat
- chest x-rays
- CT and MRI scans to confirm
5
Q
resonance
A
low-pitched sound heard over normal lungs
6
Q
hyperresonance
A
loud, low-pitched sound than normal resonance heard over hyper inflated lungs
7
Q
tympany
A
drum-like, loud, empty quality. abnormal chest sound indicating excessive air in chest
8
Q
dull
A
typically heard over dense areas. dullness replaces resonance when fluid or solid tissue is considered instead of air-containing lung tissues
9
Q
inspiration
A
diaphragm contracts down, causing air to be sucked into lungs
10
Q
expiration
A
diaphragm relaxes, pushing upwards and forcing air out of the lungs
11
Q
respiratory failure
A
- can be caused by inability to ventilate, resulting in build-up of CO2
- alveolar arterial gas exchange, resulting in a decrease of O2 in blood
- induced by infection, circulatory disorders, tumours, trauma, immune disease, congenital defect, central nervous system damage/disease, inflammatory disturbances, or environmental conditions
- main symptoms: chest pain, dyspnea, cough, heamopotysis, dyspnoea, chills, fever, wheezing fatigue
12
Q
uppser respiratory diseases
A
acute inflammatory process tat affects mucous membrane that lines upper respiratory tract (common cold)
13
Q
upper respiratory diseases ss
A
- nasal congestion and discharge
- sneezing
- watering eyes
- sore throat
- hoarseness
- coughing
- clear and thin nasal discharge early on that chances to yellow/green and thick
- headache
- slight fever
14
Q
upper respiratory diseases etiology
A
can be caused by more than 200 viruses
- rhinoviruses being most common
15
Q
upper respiratory disease diagnosis
A
based on physical exam and symptoms
16
Q
upper respiratory disease treatment and prevention
A
treatment: no cure but pain relief, decongestant, and antihistamine medication can be helpful
prevention: proper hand-washing, avoid contact with sick people
17
Q
allergic rhinitis
A
inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose caused by allergic reactions to airborne substances
- risk factors: family history, having allergies, exposure to allergens
18
Q
allergic rhinitis ss
A
- runny nose
- watery eyes
- congestion
- sneezing
19
Q
allergic rhinitis etiology
A
immunoglobulin E binds to mast cells and induces them to release histamine and other chemicals responsible for allergic rhinitis
20
Q
allergic rhinitis diagnosis
A
physical examination, medical history, allergy testing
21
Q
sinusitis
A
inflammation of the mucous membrane lining of he sinuses
- sinuses: air-filled cavities behind facial bones
- risk factors: heaving an upper respiratory infection, allergies, obstruction of nose, weakened immune system
22
Q
sinusitis ss
A
- facial pain and pressure
- nasal stuffiness
- nasal discharge
- loss of smell
- cough or congestion
23
Q
sinusitis etiology
A
usually caused by viral infection, often common cold
24
Q
sinusitis diagnosis
A
- medical history
- physical examination
- nasal endoscopy
- imaging tests
- nasal and sinus cultures
- allergy testing
25
sinusitis treatment
- symptomatic and may include using a saline nasal spray to rinse the nasal passages
- nasal corticosteroid to reduce inflammation
- decongestants
- pain relievers
26
pharyngitis
acute or chronic inflammation or infection of pharynx
27
pharyngitis ss
- inflammation os tonsils, uvula, palate
- sore throat with dryness, a burning sensation, or sensation of lump in throat
- chills
- fever
- dysphasia
- dysphonia
- cervical lymphadenopathy
28
pharyngitis etiology
- commonly viral
- tonsillitis an important cause
- often extension of bacterial streptococcal; infections form tonsils, adenoids, nose, or sinus in children
- persistent when infection spreads to pharynx and remains
- acute may be secondary to systemic viral infections
- can be caused by irritation/inflammation with no infection
- inhalation or swallowing of irritating substances can lead to trauma
- breathing in excessively heated air or chemical irritants
- seasonal allergies
29
pharyngitis prognosis
- uncomplicated: resolves in a few days
- bacteria: can bee cured with antibiotics
- chronic: may require illuminating underlying cause (smoking, allergens, etc.)
30
pharyngitis diagnosis
- physical examination
- locate primary source of infection for chronic
- sinus radiography
- blood count
31
pharyngitis treatment
- viral: home treatment using lozenges, mouthwashes, slat water, ice collar, anti-inflammatory medicine
- do not give aspirin to children's (Reye's syndrome)
- acute bacterial: antibiotics
- streptococcal pharyngitis: 7-10 day course of antibiotics
- surgical excision (chronic pharyngitis)
- bed rest and fluids
32
pharyngitis prevention
- maintain general good health
- avoid infection
- evade irritants
- control allergies
33
nasopharyngeal carcinoma
nasopharyngeal tumours that arise in area of pharynx which o[ens into nasal cavity anteriorly and oral pharynx inferiorly
34
nasopharyngeal carcinoma ss
- tumours in nasopharynx or neck mass
- often asymptomatic early
- nasal obstruction withe epistaxis
- serous otitis media
- headache
- hearing loss
- tinnitus
- pain
- impaired function of cranial nerves
35
nasopharyngeal carcinoma etiology
- rare in US +western europe
- common in southern china, mediterranean, Southeast Asia, arctic
- 2/3 times more common I males
- peak between 10-25, 50-60
- risk factors: consumption of salted fish as diet standard, food with hight levels of nitrates, Chinese herbs, infections with Epstein Barr virus, first degree relative with nasopharyngeal carcinoma, alcohol and tobacco
- strongly related to diet and virus
36
nasopharyngeal carcinoma prognosis
- often caught too later and have metastasis to bone, lung, or liver
- if tumour has extended to a cranial nerve or to a cervical lymph node, prognosis is worse
- presence of env dan can correlate with poor outcome
37
nasopharyngeal carcinoma diagnosis
- full clinical examination of head and neck
- endoscopic examination of nasopharynx
- biopsy of lesions
- staging according to tnm
- MRI, bone scan, CT, PET scan
38
nasopharyngeal carcinoma treatment
- surging usually not preformed due to anatomic constraints
- radiation therapy with/without chemotherapy
- chemoradiotherapy for more advanced
- follow up to asses for recurrence
39
nasopharyngeal carcinoma prevention
screen for EBV
40
laryngitis
inflammation of larynx, including vocal cors
41
laryngitis ss
- vary with severity f inflammation
- hoarseness causing aphonia
- fever and malaise
- painful throat
- dysphasia
42
laryngitis etiology
- viral or bacterial, chronic or acute
- can occur with bronchitis, pertussis, influenza, measles, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, sinusitis
- can be from irrational or infection
- acid reflux --> reflux laryngitis
- risk factors: inclement weather, tobacco, alcohol, irritating materials, excessive use of voice
- benign or malignant lesions
43
laryngitis prognosis
recovery usually within a week
44
laryngitis diagnosis
- largngoscopic examination for inflammation
- further tests if no inflammation
45
laryngitis treatment
- palliative measures: voice rest, bed rest, humidity, fluid intake, no tobacco or alcohol, lozenges
- improvement in 4-5 days
- antibiotics when bacterial infection
- corticosteroids
- chronic: eliminate causative factors
46
laryngitis prevention
- avoid known irritants
- difficult to prevent infection
47
deviated septum
crooked nasal septum (cartilage partition between nostrils)
48
deviated septum ss
- narrowing and obstruction of air passage making breathing difficult
- slightly increased tendency to develop sinusitis
- no significant symptoms
49
deviated septum etiology
- congenital anomaly for minor deviation
- trauma for substantial deviation (uncommon)
50
deviated septum prognosis
- good
- fairly common condition
51
deviated septum diagnosis
- nose can look normal with deviation visible during an examination with nasal speculum
52
deviated septum treatment
- not usually necessary unless compression fo air passage
- surgically straightened septum to repair obstruction or for cosmetic reasons
- straightening of deviated septum involves removing cartilage, reshaping and repositioning it in nose to maintain nasal structure
53
deviated septum prevention
- can't avoid genetic anomalies
- avoid trauma to nose
54
nasal polyps
benign growth that form as a consequence of distended mucous membranes protruding into the nasal cavity
55
nasal polyps ss
- can become large enough to obstruct airway
- can affect or impair sense of smell
- can obstruct sinuses leading to sinusitis
- grey lumps along nasal passage
56
nasal polyps etiology
- caused by overproduction of fluid in the cells of the mucous membrane
- often as a result of allergic rhinitis
- some aspirin sensitive poole have triad of nasal polyps, asthma, urticaria
57
nasal polyps prognosis
- good
- tends to recur
58
nasal polyps diagnosis
- examine inside of nose using nasal speculum
59
nasal polyps treatment
- surgery with local anesthetic when minor, general anesthetic when lining of sinus must be removed
- steroid
60
nasal polyps prevention
- none known
- management beneficial
61
anosmia
impairment or loss of smell
62
anosmia ss
- loss of smell without obvious cause
- lost or impaired ability to taste
63
anosmia etiology
- commonly caused by chronic conditions
- temporary: intra nasal swelling accompanying upper respiratory condition
- phobia for particular smell as a psychological basis
- damage to olfactory nerves (head injury, brain tumour)
64
anosmia prognosis
- temporary when related to upper respiratory infection
65
anosmia diagnosis
- physical examination
- neurological diagnostic tests
66
anosmia treatment
- aimed at cause of condition
- nerve damage may not be corrected
- injecting of allergen to desensitize patient for allergic rhinitis
67
anosmia prevention
- none known
- avoid head trauma
68
epistaxis (nose bleed)
hemorrhage from nose
69
epistaxis ss
- usually from one nostril
- systemic symptoms withs significant blood loss (vertigo, tachycardia, pallor, shortness of breath, hypertension)
70
epistaxis etiology
- no apparent explanation or bleeding
- most are not concerning
- unlikely to be symptom for other disorders
- more common in children than adults
71
epistaxis prognosis
generally good
72
epistaxis diagnosis
- based on patient history, injury, or systemic diseases
- also u can see it???
73
epistaxis treatment
- mild hemorrhage: constant direct pressure on nose bridge for 5-10 min
- persistent: local application of epinephrine followed by cauterization
--> if bleeding continues posterior nasal packing left for 1-3 days
- mild sclerosis agent can be injected into bleeding vessel
- surgical ligation of leading artery
74
epistaxis prevention
- treatment of underlying disease
- education about avoiding recurrences
75
laryngeal tumours
growths on the larynx
76
laryngeal tumours ss
- dysphonia is usually only symptom
- common in children because of their small airways
- benign: intermittent hoarseness
- cancer: continuous hoarseness that gradually gets worse
77
laryngeal tumours etiology
- benign or malignant
- not very common, malignant more common in men
- benign: papillomas(multiple), polyps(single)
- benign caused by miss or overuse of vocal cords
- smoking and reflex contribute
- malignant more often in tobacco use
78
laryngeal tumours prognosis
- depends on type of tumours
- can almost always be cured if diagnosed early
79
laryngeal tumours diagnosis
- physical examination of larynx and vocal cords
- biopsy to determine cancer
80
laryngeal tumours treatment
benign: correction of vocal strain, reflux management, smoking cessation, excision with oral anesthetic
- malignant: radiation therapy
- metastasis: laryngectomy followed by speech therapy
81
laryngeal tumours prevention
- avoid smoking
- avoid chronic irritation of larynx
82
laryngeal cancer
neoplasm of larynx
83
laryngeal cancer ss
- if involves vocal cord, persistent hoarseness early on
- dysphasia
- haemoptysis
- chronic cough
- referred pain to ear
- strider
- potential airway obstruction
84
laryngeal cancer etiology
- most common site for head and neck tumours
- most are squamous cell carcinomas
- main risk factors: smoking + alcohol use, multiplicative
- other factors: hp infection, occupational exposure to agents, asbestos, relative with laryngeal cancer
- peak in 60-70 yrs old
85
laryngeal cancer prognosis
- often diagnosed at stage where cure is possible
- five year survival rate 30-90%
- more likely to develop 2nd primary cancers
- development of another primary tumour worsens prognosis
86
laryngeal cancer diagnosis
- diagnosed early because hoarseness
- flexible fiber oppik endoscopy
- biopsy via fine needle aspiration
- staging via TNM
- CT, PET, MRI to look for metastasis
- panendoscopy
87
laryngeal cancer treatment
- radiation to preserve voice
- surgery: partial/total laryngectomy, scopic laser resection
- choice depend son tumour stage
- resectable tumours: surgery followed by radiation
- chemoradiotherapy in patients choosing to save organ
- follow up + speech and swallowing therapy
88
laryngeal cancer prevention
- cessation of smoking and alcohol
- periodic panendoscopy
