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HOSA Pathophysiology <3 > Body Systems: Respiratory System > Flashcards

Body Systems: Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

pulse oximetry

A

procedure used to measure the oxygen level in the blood
- normal rates are > 90%
- lower rates indicate decrease in lung function

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2
Q

material blood gases (ABGs)

A

used to evaluate levels fo O2 and CO2 and blood pH

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3
Q

sputum analysis

A

helpful in diagnosing some respiratory diseases

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4
Q

biopsy and imaging tests

A
  • bronchoscopy: visual examination of air passages leading to lungs
  • laryngoscopy: visual examination of the back of the throat
  • chest x-rays
  • CT and MRI scans to confirm
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5
Q

resonance

A

low-pitched sound heard over normal lungs

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6
Q

hyperresonance

A

loud, low-pitched sound than normal resonance heard over hyper inflated lungs

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7
Q

tympany

A

drum-like, loud, empty quality. abnormal chest sound indicating excessive air in chest

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8
Q

dull

A

typically heard over dense areas. dullness replaces resonance when fluid or solid tissue is considered instead of air-containing lung tissues

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9
Q

inspiration

A

diaphragm contracts down, causing air to be sucked into lungs

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10
Q

expiration

A

diaphragm relaxes, pushing upwards and forcing air out of the lungs

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11
Q

respiratory failure

A
  • can be caused by inability to ventilate, resulting in build-up of CO2
  • alveolar arterial gas exchange, resulting in a decrease of O2 in blood
  • induced by infection, circulatory disorders, tumours, trauma, immune disease, congenital defect, central nervous system damage/disease, inflammatory disturbances, or environmental conditions
  • main symptoms: chest pain, dyspnea, cough, heamopotysis, dyspnoea, chills, fever, wheezing fatigue
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12
Q

uppser respiratory diseases

A

acute inflammatory process tat affects mucous membrane that lines upper respiratory tract (common cold)

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13
Q

upper respiratory diseases ss

A
  • nasal congestion and discharge
  • sneezing
  • watering eyes
  • sore throat
  • hoarseness
  • coughing
  • clear and thin nasal discharge early on that chances to yellow/green and thick
  • headache
  • slight fever
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14
Q

upper respiratory diseases etiology

A

can be caused by more than 200 viruses
- rhinoviruses being most common

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15
Q

upper respiratory disease diagnosis

A

based on physical exam and symptoms

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16
Q

upper respiratory disease treatment and prevention

A

treatment: no cure but pain relief, decongestant, and antihistamine medication can be helpful

prevention: proper hand-washing, avoid contact with sick people

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17
Q

allergic rhinitis

A

inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose caused by allergic reactions to airborne substances
- risk factors: family history, having allergies, exposure to allergens

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18
Q

allergic rhinitis ss

A
  • runny nose
  • watery eyes
  • congestion
  • sneezing
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19
Q

allergic rhinitis etiology

A

immunoglobulin E binds to mast cells and induces them to release histamine and other chemicals responsible for allergic rhinitis

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20
Q

allergic rhinitis diagnosis

A

physical examination, medical history, allergy testing

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21
Q

sinusitis

A

inflammation of the mucous membrane lining of he sinuses
- sinuses: air-filled cavities behind facial bones
- risk factors: heaving an upper respiratory infection, allergies, obstruction of nose, weakened immune system

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22
Q

sinusitis ss

A
  • facial pain and pressure
  • nasal stuffiness
  • nasal discharge
  • loss of smell
  • cough or congestion
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23
Q

sinusitis etiology

A

usually caused by viral infection, often common cold

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24
Q

sinusitis diagnosis

A
  • medical history
  • physical examination
  • nasal endoscopy
  • imaging tests
  • nasal and sinus cultures
  • allergy testing
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25
Q

sinusitis treatment

A
  • symptomatic and may include using a saline nasal spray to rinse the nasal passages
  • nasal corticosteroid to reduce inflammation
  • decongestants
  • pain relievers
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26
Q

pharyngitis

A

acute or chronic inflammation or infection of pharynx

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27
Q

pharyngitis ss

A
  • inflammation os tonsils, uvula, palate
  • sore throat with dryness, a burning sensation, or sensation of lump in throat
  • chills
  • fever
  • dysphasia
  • dysphonia
  • cervical lymphadenopathy
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28
Q

pharyngitis etiology

A
  • commonly viral
  • tonsillitis an important cause
  • often extension of bacterial streptococcal; infections form tonsils, adenoids, nose, or sinus in children
  • persistent when infection spreads to pharynx and remains
  • acute may be secondary to systemic viral infections
  • can be caused by irritation/inflammation with no infection
  • inhalation or swallowing of irritating substances can lead to trauma
  • breathing in excessively heated air or chemical irritants
  • seasonal allergies
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29
Q

pharyngitis prognosis

A
  • uncomplicated: resolves in a few days
  • bacteria: can bee cured with antibiotics
  • chronic: may require illuminating underlying cause (smoking, allergens, etc.)
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30
Q

pharyngitis diagnosis

A
  • physical examination
  • locate primary source of infection for chronic
  • sinus radiography
  • blood count
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31
Q

pharyngitis treatment

A
  • viral: home treatment using lozenges, mouthwashes, slat water, ice collar, anti-inflammatory medicine
  • do not give aspirin to children’s (Reye’s syndrome)
  • acute bacterial: antibiotics
  • streptococcal pharyngitis: 7-10 day course of antibiotics
  • surgical excision (chronic pharyngitis)
  • bed rest and fluids
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32
Q

pharyngitis prevention

A
  • maintain general good health
  • avoid infection
  • evade irritants
  • control allergies
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33
Q

nasopharyngeal carcinoma

A

nasopharyngeal tumours that arise in area of pharynx which o[ens into nasal cavity anteriorly and oral pharynx inferiorly

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34
Q

nasopharyngeal carcinoma ss

A
  • tumours in nasopharynx or neck mass
  • often asymptomatic early
  • nasal obstruction withe epistaxis
  • serous otitis media
  • headache
  • hearing loss
  • tinnitus
  • pain
  • impaired function of cranial nerves
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35
Q

nasopharyngeal carcinoma etiology

A
  • rare in US +western europe
  • common in southern china, mediterranean, Southeast Asia, arctic
  • 2/3 times more common I males
  • peak between 10-25, 50-60
  • risk factors: consumption of salted fish as diet standard, food with hight levels of nitrates, Chinese herbs, infections with Epstein Barr virus, first degree relative with nasopharyngeal carcinoma, alcohol and tobacco
  • strongly related to diet and virus
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36
Q

nasopharyngeal carcinoma prognosis

A
  • often caught too later and have metastasis to bone, lung, or liver
  • if tumour has extended to a cranial nerve or to a cervical lymph node, prognosis is worse
  • presence of env dan can correlate with poor outcome
37
Q

nasopharyngeal carcinoma diagnosis

A
  • full clinical examination of head and neck
  • endoscopic examination of nasopharynx
  • biopsy of lesions
  • staging according to tnm
  • MRI, bone scan, CT, PET scan
38
Q

nasopharyngeal carcinoma treatment

A
  • surging usually not preformed due to anatomic constraints
  • radiation therapy with/without chemotherapy
  • chemoradiotherapy for more advanced
  • follow up to asses for recurrence
39
Q

nasopharyngeal carcinoma prevention

A

screen for EBV

40
Q

laryngitis

A

inflammation of larynx, including vocal cors

41
Q

laryngitis ss

A
  • vary with severity f inflammation
  • hoarseness causing aphonia
  • fever and malaise
  • painful throat
  • dysphasia
42
Q

laryngitis etiology

A
  • viral or bacterial, chronic or acute
  • can occur with bronchitis, pertussis, influenza, measles, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, sinusitis
  • can be from irrational or infection
  • acid reflux –> reflux laryngitis
  • risk factors: inclement weather, tobacco, alcohol, irritating materials, excessive use of voice
  • benign or malignant lesions
43
Q

laryngitis prognosis

A

recovery usually within a week

44
Q

laryngitis diagnosis

A
  • largngoscopic examination for inflammation
  • further tests if no inflammation
45
Q

laryngitis treatment

A
  • palliative measures: voice rest, bed rest, humidity, fluid intake, no tobacco or alcohol, lozenges
  • improvement in 4-5 days
  • antibiotics when bacterial infection
  • corticosteroids
  • chronic: eliminate causative factors
46
Q

laryngitis prevention

A
  • avoid known irritants
  • difficult to prevent infection
47
Q

deviated septum

A

crooked nasal septum (cartilage partition between nostrils)

48
Q

deviated septum ss

A
  • narrowing and obstruction of air passage making breathing difficult
  • slightly increased tendency to develop sinusitis
  • no significant symptoms
49
Q

deviated septum etiology

A
  • congenital anomaly for minor deviation
  • trauma for substantial deviation (uncommon)
50
Q

deviated septum prognosis

A
  • good
  • fairly common condition
51
Q

deviated septum diagnosis

A
  • nose can look normal with deviation visible during an examination with nasal speculum
52
Q

deviated septum treatment

A
  • not usually necessary unless compression fo air passage
  • surgically straightened septum to repair obstruction or for cosmetic reasons
  • straightening of deviated septum involves removing cartilage, reshaping and repositioning it in nose to maintain nasal structure
53
Q

deviated septum prevention

A
  • can’t avoid genetic anomalies
  • avoid trauma to nose
54
Q

nasal polyps

A

benign growth that form as a consequence of distended mucous membranes protruding into the nasal cavity

55
Q

nasal polyps ss

A
  • can become large enough to obstruct airway
  • can affect or impair sense of smell
  • can obstruct sinuses leading to sinusitis
  • grey lumps along nasal passage
56
Q

nasal polyps etiology

A
  • caused by overproduction of fluid in the cells of the mucous membrane
  • often as a result of allergic rhinitis
  • some aspirin sensitive poole have triad of nasal polyps, asthma, urticaria
57
Q

nasal polyps prognosis

A
  • good
  • tends to recur
58
Q

nasal polyps diagnosis

A
  • examine inside of nose using nasal speculum
59
Q

nasal polyps treatment

A
  • surgery with local anesthetic when minor, general anesthetic when lining of sinus must be removed
  • steroid
60
Q

nasal polyps prevention

A
  • none known
  • management beneficial
61
Q

anosmia

A

impairment or loss of smell

62
Q

anosmia ss

A
  • loss of smell without obvious cause
  • lost or impaired ability to taste
63
Q

anosmia etiology

A
  • commonly caused by chronic conditions
  • temporary: intra nasal swelling accompanying upper respiratory condition
  • phobia for particular smell as a psychological basis
  • damage to olfactory nerves (head injury, brain tumour)
64
Q

anosmia prognosis

A
  • temporary when related to upper respiratory infection
65
Q

anosmia diagnosis

A
  • physical examination
  • neurological diagnostic tests
66
Q

anosmia treatment

A
  • aimed at cause of condition
  • nerve damage may not be corrected
  • injecting of allergen to desensitize patient for allergic rhinitis
67
Q

anosmia prevention

A
  • none known
  • avoid head trauma
68
Q

epistaxis (nose bleed)

A

hemorrhage from nose

69
Q

epistaxis ss

A
  • usually from one nostril
  • systemic symptoms withs significant blood loss (vertigo, tachycardia, pallor, shortness of breath, hypertension)
70
Q

epistaxis etiology

A
  • no apparent explanation or bleeding
  • most are not concerning
  • unlikely to be symptom for other disorders
  • more common in children than adults
71
Q

epistaxis prognosis

A

generally good

72
Q

epistaxis diagnosis

A
  • based on patient history, injury, or systemic diseases
  • also u can see it???
73
Q

epistaxis treatment

A
  • mild hemorrhage: constant direct pressure on nose bridge for 5-10 min
  • persistent: local application of epinephrine followed by cauterization
    –> if bleeding continues posterior nasal packing left for 1-3 days
  • mild sclerosis agent can be injected into bleeding vessel
  • surgical ligation of leading artery
74
Q

epistaxis prevention

A
  • treatment of underlying disease
  • education about avoiding recurrences
75
Q

laryngeal tumours

A

growths on the larynx

76
Q

laryngeal tumours ss

A
  • dysphonia is usually only symptom
  • common in children because of their small airways
  • benign: intermittent hoarseness
  • cancer: continuous hoarseness that gradually gets worse
77
Q

laryngeal tumours etiology

A
  • benign or malignant
  • not very common, malignant more common in men
  • benign: papillomas(multiple), polyps(single)
  • benign caused by miss or overuse of vocal cords
  • smoking and reflex contribute
  • malignant more often in tobacco use
78
Q

laryngeal tumours prognosis

A
  • depends on type of tumours
  • can almost always be cured if diagnosed early
79
Q

laryngeal tumours diagnosis

A
  • physical examination of larynx and vocal cords
  • biopsy to determine cancer
80
Q

laryngeal tumours treatment

A

benign: correction of vocal strain, reflux management, smoking cessation, excision with oral anesthetic
- malignant: radiation therapy
- metastasis: laryngectomy followed by speech therapy

81
Q

laryngeal tumours prevention

A
  • avoid smoking
  • avoid chronic irritation of larynx
82
Q

laryngeal cancer

A

neoplasm of larynx

83
Q

laryngeal cancer ss

A
  • if involves vocal cord, persistent hoarseness early on
  • dysphasia
  • haemoptysis
  • chronic cough
  • referred pain to ear
  • strider
  • potential airway obstruction
84
Q

laryngeal cancer etiology

A
  • most common site for head and neck tumours
  • most are squamous cell carcinomas
  • main risk factors: smoking + alcohol use, multiplicative
  • other factors: hp infection, occupational exposure to agents, asbestos, relative with laryngeal cancer
  • peak in 60-70 yrs old
85
Q

laryngeal cancer prognosis

A
  • often diagnosed at stage where cure is possible
  • five year survival rate 30-90%
  • more likely to develop 2nd primary cancers
  • development of another primary tumour worsens prognosis
86
Q

laryngeal cancer diagnosis

A
  • diagnosed early because hoarseness
  • flexible fiber oppik endoscopy
  • biopsy via fine needle aspiration
  • staging via TNM
  • CT, PET, MRI to look for metastasis
  • panendoscopy
87
Q

laryngeal cancer treatment

A
  • radiation to preserve voice
  • surgery: partial/total laryngectomy, scopic laser resection
  • choice depend son tumour stage
  • resectable tumours: surgery followed by radiation
  • chemoradiotherapy in patients choosing to save organ
  • follow up + speech and swallowing therapy
88
Q

laryngeal cancer prevention

A
  • cessation of smoking and alcohol
  • periodic panendoscopy

HOSA Pathophysiology <3 (6 decks)

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