Body Systems quiz

Question 1

sarcomere

Answer 1

one unit of a striated muscle; two chemicals: actin and myosin, which grabs on to actin - needs ATP and access but is blocked by tropomyosin, calcium is released from action potential nerve signals and moves tropomyosin; actin slides past myosin; sliding filament theory

Question 2

z disks

Answer 2

a cross-striation bisecting the I band of striated muscle myofribils and serving as the anchoring point of actin filaments at either end of the sarcomere

Question 3

skeletal or striated muscle

Answer 3

ex: bicep muscle

Question 4

smooth muscle

Answer 4

involuntary muscle;

Question 5

cardiac muscle

Answer 5

combo of both; looks striated but is found only in the heart; has inter collated disks which allow the transmission of electrical signals to wash over them, that’s how a heart is able to contract

Question 6

Osmosis

Answer 6

diffusion of war across a semi-permeable membrane; flows from high concentration to a low concentration; requires no energy; reverse osmosis- squeeze in opposite direction - that’s how water is purified

Question 7

hypertonic

Answer 7

ex: if you put a blood cell in sugary water then water is going to flow out; cells shrivel up

Question 8

isotonic

Answer 8

an environment where the concentration in blood and outside the blood is the same; a movement of war but the blood cells are happy

Question 9

hypotonic

Answer 9

ex: if you put a blood cell in distilled water then water is going to flow in; cells pop/lyse

Question 10

osmoconformers

Answer 10

have same osmolarity as their surroundings; don’t have to regulate that; can get big swings that can affect the rest of the organism; ex: octopus

Question 11

osmolarity

Answer 11

the concentration of solutes to water; is going to be the same on the outside as it inside

Question 12

osmoregulators

Answer 12

ex: brine shrimp; have to regulate the amount of water inside them; live in a saltwater environment; water flows out of them; 30% of their metabolism goes to regulating this balance; fish in freshwater; salty area is inside fish; water flows into them and have dilute urine; saltwater fish have water that keeps flowing out and have to drink saltwater and have concentrated salty urine

Question 13

kidney

Answer 13

empty urine into bladder; regulates osmolarity

Question 14

nephron

Answer 14

inside of kidney; repeated over and over makes a kidney; blood flows into the glomerulus and then into the Bowman’s capsule which filters the blood; have proximal and distal tubules which is important for secretion and reabsorption

Question 15

renal medulla

Answer 15

water is going to flow out and osmolarity increases; beginning concentration is around 300 milliosmoles and increases to 1200; sets up gradient; water is reclaimed because of capillaries outside

Question 16

loop of Henle

Answer 16

on descending side - water is released
on ascending side - permeable to salt not water; salt is lost; goes from 1200 milliosmoles to 300
countercurrent exchange

Question 17

collecting duct

Answer 17

has control over water; can decide whether we let that water out with ADH

Question 18

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Answer 18

has us hold on to water; comes from posterior pituitary and when it interacts with collecting duct, it lets water through; water flows out and into capillaries and into interstitial fluid

Question 19

nervous system

Answer 19

made up of neurons; dendrites come into cell bodies; has an axon; another neuron that is connected with a bunch of dendrites to a cell body; separation between the two neurons is called a synapse, which has control over the chemicals that we send; use it to do something really quick

Question 20

endocrine system

Answer 20

like facebook- sends out to everybody and whoever wants to respond to it can;

Question 21

gland

Answer 21

anything that sends out messages; send out chemicals called hormones

Question 22

hormones

Answer 22

may target cells - ex: sending follicular stimulating hormone from the pituitary, it’s only going to affect the ovaries and testes; sending out growth hormone affects all cells

Question 23

Water Soluble Hormone

Answer 23

Ex: epinephrine; They are going to dock with a protein on the surface of their cell and cannot gain entry to the cell. Some kind of signal transduction pathway to have some kind of an action or have another action inside the nucleus. Specific genes and proteins can then be made and transcribed. They dock with the receptor protein on the surface.

Question 24

Lipid Soluble Hormone

Answer 24

Ex: Testosterone; It moves through lipid bilayer that is the cell membrane, and it also can target with the cell and move into the nucleus because there is a lipid bilayer here as well. They move all the way into the cell.

Question 25

Pineal gland

Answer 25

This gland is located in the center of the brain and secretes the nighttime hormone melatonin. This sets our "body clock" known as the Circadian rhythm.

Question 26

Hypothalamus

Answer 26

This is anatomical region acts as the connection between the brain and the endocrine system. It excretes hormones and affects the pituitary.

Question 27

Anterior Pituitary

Answer 27

This gland gives off growth hormones, endorphins, follicular stimulating, and many others. The growth hormone floats throughout the body by means of the circulatory system or the interstitial fluid and causes our cells to grow.

Question 28

Posterior Pituitary

Answer 28

This gland gives off oxytocin but more importantly antidiuretic hormone, aka ADH. This chemical goes to our kidneys, the organs that are in control of osmoregulation.

Question 29

Thyroid

Answer 29

Located in the windpipe, this gland gives off T3 and T4 hormones, which speed up metabolism. The numbers relate to the number of iodine atoms that are found within it. The gland regulates metabolism. If the gland is hyperactive, you have a high metabolism, and you have a slow metabolism if you have an inactive thyroid. The gland also secretes calcitonin, which lowers blood calcium.

Question 30

Goiter

Answer 30

This swelling of the neck occurs when the thyroid is inflamed.

Question 31

Parathyroid

Answer 31

This hormone sits within the thyroid and secrete parathyroid hormones, which raises blood calcium.

Question 32

Pancreas

Answer 32

This gland rests behind the stomach and empties enzymes into the duodenum. It has beta and alpha cells that secrete insulin and glucagon. Insulin is secreted when blood sugar needs to be lowered and glucagon when blood sugar needs to be raised. When glucagon is released, glucose is released from the glycogen that's found in the liver.

Question 33

Adrenal cortex

Answer 33

This gland sits on top of the kidneys secretes glucocorticoids, which helps with anti-inflammatory.

Question 34

Adrenal medulla

Answer 34

This gland secretes epinephrine, which triggers to fight or flight response.

Question 35

Ovary

Answer 35

These give off estrogen, which produces female sex characteristics.

Question 36

Testes

Answer 36

These give off testosterone, which produces male sex characteristics.

Question 37

Skin

Answer 37

This provides a barrier of dead cells and keratin on the top. It has a low pH, which makes it hard for any kind of bacteria to live there. Normal flora blocks out other bacteria. All of this provides protection against infection.

Question 38

Inflammation

Answer 38

We have chemicals that are released that cause our body to respond to injury.

Question 39

Acne

Answer 39

This is an infection in the pores of your skin.

Question 40

Macrophages

Answer 40

These locate anything that is a foreign invader, or antigen, to the body and eat it. It'll secrete lysosomes and enzymes into it, which break it up.

Question 41

Specific immune response

Answer 41

the ability to produce these antibodies; you will not get the same cold twice

Question 42

Antigen

Answer 42

antibody generator; can change shape so antibodies won't recognize

Question 43

Antibodies

Answer 43

proteins produced by our body; will dock to the antigen

Question 44

B lymphocytes

Answer 44

This is a type of white blood cell that is made in the bone marrow. They are responsible for a humoral response and produce antibodies that are specific for the antigen. They attack the viruses outside our body.

Question 45

Humoral

Answer 45

In the fluid, humers, blood, lymph material, lymph vessels, interstitial fluid

Question 46

Naive B cell

Answer 46

This senses the shape of the antigen,

Question 47

T Lymphocytes

Answer 47

This is inside the thymus gland and targets and kills (Killer T cell) the cells inside our body that are infected. It produces cell death.

Question 48

MHC2

Answer 48

Major histocompatibility complex 2

Question 49

T helper cell

Answer 49

This cell physically senses antigen shape with use of another protein called CD4; responsible for initiating both humoral and cell-mediated immune response. These cells are infected by HIV