Bonding and Formula

Question 1

What type of bonding occurs between a metal and a non-metal?

Answer 1

Ionic Bonding

In ionic bonding, electrons are transferred, resulting in the formation of positive and negative ions.

Question 2

What is the result of ionic bonding?

Answer 2

Strong electrostatic attraction

Example: Na⁺ + Cl⁻ → NaCl

Question 3

What type of bonding occurs between non-metals?

Answer 3

Covalent Bonding

In covalent bonding, electrons are shared between atoms.

Question 4

What are the properties of simple covalent molecules?

Answer 4

Low melting points

Examples include H₂O and CO₂.

Question 5

What are the properties of giant covalent structures?

Answer 5

Very high melting points

Examples include diamond and graphite.

Question 6

What characterizes metallic bonding?

Answer 6

Positive ions in sea of delocalised electrons

This structure allows metals to be good conductors, malleable, and shiny.

Question 7

What defines isotopes?

Answer 7

Same number of protons, different number of neutrons

Example: Carbon-12 and Carbon-14.

Question 8

What was Dalton’s model of the atom?

Answer 8

Solid spheres

Dalton proposed that atoms were indivisible solid spheres.

Question 9

What was Thomson’s contribution to atomic theory?

Answer 9

Plum pudding model

Thomson introduced the concept of electrons embedded in a positively charged ‘pudding’.

Question 10

What did Rutherford discover about the atom?

Answer 10

Nuclear model with a dense nucleus

Rutherford’s experiments led to the understanding of a nucleus at the center of the atom.

Question 11

What is Bohr’s model of the atom?

Answer 11

Electrons in shells

Bohr proposed that electrons orbit the nucleus in defined energy levels.

Question 12

What is the reactivity series from most to least reactive?

Answer 12

Potassium, Sodium, Calcium, Magnesium, Aluminium, Zinc, Iron, Tin, Lead, Copper, Silver, Gold, Platinum

This series ranks metals based on their reactivity.

Question 13

What do potassium, sodium, and calcium do when they react with water?

Answer 13

Fizz and form hydroxides

These metals react vigorously with water.

Question 14

What happens when reactive metals like magnesium react with acids?

Answer 14

Form hydrogen gas

Example: Mg + 2HCl → MgCl₂ + H₂.

Question 15

What do metals form when they react with oxygen?

Answer 15

Metal oxides

Example: 2Cu + O₂ → 2CuO.

Question 16

What is a displacement reaction?

Answer 16

A more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from a compound

Example: Mg + CuSO₄ → MgSO₄ + Cu.

Question 17

What are the physical properties of metals?

Answer 17

Strong, malleable, good conductors of electricity and heat, high melting/boiling points

These properties make metals useful in various applications.