Bonding, structure and properties of matter

Question 1

What are the three states of matter?

Answer 1

Solid, liquid and gas

Question 2

What affects how strong the forces of a material are?

Answer 2

The material, the temperature and the pressure

Question 3

What direction do the particles in gases move in?

Answer 3

Straight lines

Question 4

What do physical changes affect in particles?

Answer 4

Their arrangement or energy, not the particles themselves

Question 5

How does a solid melt in terms of particles?

Answer 5

When a solid is heated, the particles gain more energy and vibrate which weakens the forces that hold the solid together. At the melting point, the particles have enough energy to break free from their position.

Question 6

What happens when a gas condenses?

Answer 6

The particles no longer have enough energy to overcome the forces of attraction between them, so become a liquid

Question 7

What form of bonding involves a non-metal and a metal?

Answer 7

Ionic bonding

Question 8

What form of bonding involves a non-metal and a non-metal?

Answer 8

Covalent bonding

Question 9

What form of bonding involves a metal?

Answer 9

Metallic bonding

Question 10

What is an ionic bond?

Answer 10

The attraction of electrostatic forces between a positively charged metal ion and a negatively charged non-metal ion after transferring electrons

Question 11

What structure do ionic compounds have?

Answer 11

A regular lattice structure, or a giant ionic lattice

Question 12

What are the main properties of ionic compounds?

Answer 12

High melting and boiling points and can conduct electricity when melted or in a solution and

Question 13

Are covalent bonds strong or weak and why?

Answer 13

Strong because the positively charged nuclei of the bonded atoms are attracted to the shared pair of electrons by electrostatic forces

Question 14

What are simple molecular substances?

Answer 14

Molecules containing a few atoms joined together by covalent bonds

Question 15

Finish this sentence: the forces of attraction between simple covalent molecules are very

Answer 15

Weak

Question 16

Finish this sentence: to melt or boil a simple covalent molecule, you have to

Answer 16

Break the feeble intermolecular forces and NOT the strong covalent bonds

Question 17

What state are most simple molecular substances at room temperature and why?

Answer 17

Gas because they have very low boiling points

Question 18

Finish this sentence: as molecules get bigger, the strength of intermolecular forces

Answer 18

Increases, so more energy is needed to break them which means that the melting and boiling points are higher

Question 19

Do simple molecular compounds conduct electricity and why?

Answer 19

No because they aren’t charged, so there aren’t any free electrons or ions to carry the current

Question 20

What is a polymer?

Answer 20

Lots of small units linked together to form a long molecule that has repeating sections

Question 21

Do polymers have smaller or larger intermolecular forces and how does this affect their properties?

Answer 21

Larger so more energy is needed to break them which means that they are normally solids at room temperature

Question 22

What are the properties of giant covalent bonds and why?

Answer 22

They have high melting and boiling points as lots of energy is needed to break the covalent bonds and cannot conduct electricity, even when molten as their are no charged particles

Question 23

Why can graphite conduct electricity?

Answer 23

Each carbon atom has one delocalised electron

Question 24

What are fullerenes?

Answer 24

They are molecules of carbon that are shaped like closed tubes or hollow balls

Question 25

What can fullerenes be used for?

Answer 25

Caging other molecules (could be used to deliver a drug into the body), industrial catalysts ans lubricants

Question 26

What are nanotubes?

Answer 26

Tiny carbon cylinders

Question 27

What are the properties of nanotubes?

Answer 27

They can conduct both electricity and thermal energy and have a high tensile strength (they don’t break when stretched)

Question 28

What can nanotubes be used for?

Answer 28

Electronics or strengthening materials without adding much weight

Question 29

What are the properties of metals and why?

Answer 29

They have a high melting and boiling point because the sea of delocalised electrons and metal atoms have strong electrostatic forces, they are good conductors as the delocalised electrons can carry charge and are very malleable as the layers of particles can easily slide over each other

Question 30

What is the equation for surface area to volume ratio?

Answer 30

surface area / volume

Question 31

Finish this sentence: as particles decrease in size

Answer 31

Their surface area to volume ratio expands