Bone 1

Question 1

Cartilage and bone are made of

Answer 1

specialized CT with lots of EC matrix, cells, fibers, ground substance

Question 2

Bone is made to

Answer 2

form the supporting tissues of the body and give you form

Question 3

Bone is made of

Answer 3

Mineralized, rigid connective tissue

Question 4

Functions of bone include:

Answer 4

1) Supports soft tissues
2) Muscle attachments to move body
3) Protects vital organs (good protector of dividing cells from sunlight)
4) Surround bone marrow (blood cell formation)
5) Reservoir of calcium, phosphate, etc (STORAGE)

Question 5

Cells of bone are:

Answer 5

Osteoblast, osteocytes, osteoclasts

Question 6

Bone matrix contains _____ and _____ material

Answer 6

Inorganic and organic **mostly inorganic

Question 7

Inorganic matter in matrix of bone is

Answer 7

Calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, potassium, etc

Question 8

Calcium and phosphorous form

Answer 8

hydroxyapatite crystals

Question 9

Organic matter in matrix of bone is

Answer 9

Type I collagen, ground substance

Question 10

Bone mineralized extracellular matrix

Answer 10

Metabolites can’t diffuse through the matrix so canaliculi are needed to allow communications among cells

Bones can’t grow INTERSTITIALLY

Question 11

Decalcified bone sections (making histological slide)

Answer 11

-Acid solution removes calcium salts and softens bone
-Bone can then be embedded and sections
-Osteocytes are distorted
Downside: cells can become distorted

Question 12

Ground bone sections (making histological slide)

Answer 12

Keeps things more in form

• Saw bone in slices and grind pieces down until they are very thin
• Cells are destroyed

Question 13

Osteoblasts

Answer 13

Make bone

• Matrix (osteoid) synthesis
• Cuboid to columnar shape
• Basophilic cytoplasm

Question 14

Osteocytes

Answer 14

• Derived from osteoblasts
• Matrix maintenance
• Found in lacunae

Question 15

Osteoclasts

Answer 15

• Resorb matrix
• Remove matrix
• Large/multinucleated (5-50 cells)

Question 16

Synathrosis joint

Answer 16

Limited/no movement

Question 17

Amphiarthrosis

Answer 17

slightly moveable joint

Question 18

Diathrosis

Answer 18

freely moveable joint

Question 19

Fibrous joints

Answer 19

Connected by dense CT

Question 20

Fibrous joint types:

Answer 20

1) Suture- non-moveable found only in skull
2) Syndesmosis: limited movement, b/w radius & ulna
3) Gomphosis- limited movement, only dentoalveolar joint

Question 21

Cartilagnous joints:

Answer 21

connected by cartilage

Question 22

Cartilaginous joint types:

Answer 22

1) Symphysis: fibrocartilage, pubic symphysis

2) Synchondrosis: hyaline cartilage, temporary joint that will eventually fuse, b/w sphenoid and occipital

Question 23

Synovial joints:

Answer 23

Articular surfaces with hyaline cartilage, synovial fluid in a capsule

Question 24

Ends of bones are lined with

Answer 24

Articular carriage which is a hyaline cartilage with no perichondrium

Question 25

Most hyaline cartilage has _____ but synovial joints ____

Answer 25

perichondrium; do not

Question 26

Capsule of the bone lined by

Answer 26

synovial membrane that secretes lubricating fluid. Synovial fluid = food source

Question 27

Synovial membrane does not like

Answer 27

Articular cartilage or discs/menisci (if present)

Question 28

Long bones

Answer 28

longer than they are wide; most of the limb bones

Question 29

Short bones

Answer 29

approximately cube-shaped; mostly spongy bone; wrist and ankle bones

Question 30

Flat bones

Answer 30

Thin & flat. Two layers of compact bone, with one layer of spongy bone (dipole) between -Sternum, ribs, skull bones

Question 31

Irregular bones

Answer 31

None of the above; some skull bones, hip bones, vertebrae

Question 32

Where do you find compact and spongy bone?

Answer 32

``` Compact= outside spongy = inside ```

Question 33

Anatomy of long bone

Answer 33

Diaphysis: shaft (middle) Epiphyses: at ends Metaphysis: between diaphysis and epiphyses Epiphyseal plate/line: when growing made of hyaline cartilage and called plate . When done growing called line Periosteum: lines outside Endoseum: lines inside Articular cartilage: hyaline cartilage w/ no perichondrium (outside later)

Question 34

Surfaces of bones are covered by:

Answer 34

Periosteum (2 layers) (external) and endosteum (1 layer) (Inside)

Question 35

Sharpey's fibers

Answer 35

Periosteal collagenous fibers; bind periosteum to bone

Question 36

Compact bone aka cortical bone

Answer 36

Outside -Dense; looks smooth surrounds the spongy bone

Question 37

Spongy bone aka cancellous bone, trabecular bone

Answer 37

Inside Small, needle like or flat pieces of bone (trabecular) -Open spaces between the trabecular that are filled with bone marrow -Not penetrated by blood vessels NO OSTEONS

Question 38

Woven Bone

Answer 38

Immature bone, primary bone -Found in recently ossified bone -Prenatal growth and development, healing of a fracture Found during a short period of time during development

Question 39

Lamellar bone

Answer 39

Mature bone, secondary bone -Compact bone has osteons (Haversion systems) -Trabecular bone has lamellae, but no osteons If you see layers.. lamellar bone

Question 40

If your body you have..

Answer 40

lamellar bone unless pregnant or healing a bone

Question 41

Woven bone histology

Answer 41

First bone to form during development or bone repair Abundant osteocytes -Irregular bundles of type 1 collagen -Less mineralized than lamellar bone (more cells)

Question 42

Lamellar bone histology

Answer 42

- Mature bone that replaces woven bone - More mineralized and stronger than woven bone - Collagen fibers are arranged parallel to one another within a lamella

Question 43

Lamellar bone

Answer 43

Composed of concentric of parallel lamellae (sheets of bone 3 - 7 um thick - Osteocytes in lacunae are arranged in rows - Canaliculi connect neighboring lacunae

Question 44

4 lamellar systems in compact bone:

Answer 44

1) Outer circumferential lamellae 2) Inner circumferential lamellae 3) Osteons (haversian system) 4) interstitial lamellae

Question 45

Outer circumficial lamellae

Answer 45

Just deep to periosteum | -Contain sharper's fibers (type 1 collagen bundles that anchor periosteum to bone)

Question 46

Inner circumferential lamellae

Answer 46

Encircle marrow cavity | -Spongy bone trabecular extend from this layer into marrow cavity (how everything inside gets nutrients)

Question 47

Osteons

Answer 47

Cynlinders of lamellae - 4 - 20 concentric layers around a blood vessel in a Haversian canal - Haversian canals are connected by Volkmann's canals, oriented perpendicular to Haversian canals

Question 48

Cement Line

Answer 48

Each osteon is bound by a cement line which is calcified ground substance with little collagen Collagen bundles are parallel to each other within a lamella but perpendicular to those in adjacent lamellae

Question 49

Osteons can touch cells in adjacent lamellae through

Answer 49

gap junctions

Question 50

Canaliculi

Answer 50

tunnels of bone forming cell processes . Connect neighboring lacunae

Question 51

Bone remodeling

Answer 51

Tissue is removed by osteoclasts and replaced by osteoblasts | -Newer osteons replace older ones

Question 52

Process of bone remodeling

Answer 52

Osteoclasts resort osteons and osteoblasts replace them

Question 53

Intersittual lamellae

Answer 53

Remnants of old osteons remain as interstitial lamellae, located between osteons