Bone And Articulations

Question 1

List and define the two types of growth that cartilage undergoes.

Answer 1

Interstitial growth
•Chondrocytes housed in lacunae undergo mitosis.
•Following mitosis, the 2 cells occupy a single lacuna.
•The 2 cells synthesize new matrix & push apart
Appositional growth
•Stem cells at the internal edge of the perichondrium divide forming new stem cells and chondroblasts
•The new chondrocytes produce new matrix

Question 2

List and define the four types of bone based on shape.

Answer 2

Long bones- femur
Short bones- tarsal
Flat bones- skull
Irregular bones, aka weird- vertebrae

Question 3

What type of bone cells are stem cells derived from mesenchyme and found within the periosteum and endosteum?

Answer 3

Osteoprogenitor

Question 4

What type of bone cells are formed from stem cells and produce new bone?

Answer 4

Osteoblasts.
Blasts=Build

Question 5

What are mature bone cells?

Answer 5

Osteocytes

Question 6

What type of bone cells dissolve bone matrix?

Answer 6

Osteoclasts
Coasts=Dissolve

Question 7

The material (organic and inorganic) formed by bone cells and lying in between them.

Answer 7

Bone matrix

Question 8

What type of bone lies on the outside of an individual bone?

Answer 8

Cortical (compact) bone

Question 9

What are one third of the organic components of the bone matrix?

Answer 9

Collagen fibers and ground substance

Question 10

What are two thirds of the inorganic components of the bone matrix?

Answer 10

Calcium phosphate
Calcium hydroxide
Calcium carbonate
Ions of sodium, magnesium, sulfate, and fluoride

Question 11

What type of bone forms a latticework within an individual bone?

Answer 11

Cancellous (spongy) bone

Question 12

What is the basic structural and functional unit of cortical bone?

Answer 12

An osteon (Haversian system)

Question 13

What are two synonyms for bone growth?

Answer 13

Osteogenesis
Ossification

Question 14

What type of bone growth occurs in the flat bones of the skull, some facial bones, the mandible, and the central part of the clavicle?

Answer 14

Intramembranous ossification

Question 15

What is the growth process of Intramembranous ossification?

Answer 15

Ossification centers form within the thickened regions of mesenchyme.
Bone matrix (osteoid) undergoes calcification.
Woven bone and its surrounding periosteum form.
Lamellar bone replaces woven bone, as compact bone and spongy bone form.

Question 16

What type of bone growth occurs in the bones of extremities, vertebrae, and the ends of the clavicles?

Answer 16

Endochondral ossification

Question 17

What is the growth process of Endochondral ossification?

Answer 17

The fetal hyaline cartilage model develops.
Cartilage calcifies, and a bone collar forms.
The primary ossification center forms in the diaphysis.
Secondary ossification centers form in the epiphysis.
Bone replaces cartilage, except the articular cartilage and epiphyseal plates
Epiphyseal plates ossify and form epiphyseal lines.

Question 18

What is the anatomical term for “growth plate”?

Answer 18

Epiphyseal plate

Question 19

Where does a bone increase in length?

Answer 19

Epiphyseal plate

Question 20

What type of bone growth increases the length of a bone?

Answer 20

Interstitial growth

Question 21

What type of bone growth increases the diameter of a bone?

Answer 21

Appositional growth

Question 22

Where does a bone increase in diameter?

Answer 22

Periosteum

Question 23

Bones are vascular. Through what openings do blood vessels enter bones?

Answer 23

Nutrient foramina

Question 24

Every joint in the body can be classified by…

Answer 24

what it is made of, AND how it moves.

Question 25

How do mobility and flexibility relate to one another?

Answer 25

Inversely - as one increases the other decreases.

Question 26

Based on structure, what are the three types of joints?

Answer 26

Fibrous (Dense regular connective) Cartilaginous (Cartilage, no cavity) Synovial (Fluid filled cavity)

Question 27

Based on function (the extent of movement), what are three types of joints?

Answer 27

Synarthrosis-immovable Amphiarthrosis-slightly movable Diarthrosis-freely movable

Question 28

What is a fibrous joint?

Answer 28

Joined by dense regular connective tissue Immovable or only slightly movable No joint cavity

Question 29

Gomphoses structure and function?

Answer 29

Only seen in the teeth. Functionally: Synarthrodial Structurally: Fibrous

Question 30

Sutures function and structure?

Answer 30

Only found in the skull Structurally: Fibrous Functionally: Synarthrodial

Question 31

What are syndesmoses joints?

Answer 31

Fibrous joints in which articulating bones are joined by long strands of dense regular connective tissue Interosseous membrane Structurally: Fibrous Functionally: Amphiarthrodial

Question 32

What are cartilaginous joints?

Answer 32

Bones joined directly to cartilage Sometimes hyaline, sometimes Fibrocartilage No cavity no fluid,

Question 33

What is the function, structure, and location of the synchondroses joint?

Answer 33

Contain hyaline cartilage Two locations: Growth plate, rib to costal cartilage Functionally: Snyarthrodial Structurally: Cartilagenous

Question 34

What is the function, structure, and location of the symphyses joint?

Answer 34

Fibrocartilage Two locations in the body: Intervertebral discs, Symphysis pubis Functionally: Amphiarthrodial Structurally: Cartilagenous

Question 35

What are the characteristics of synovial joints?

Answer 35

Fluid filled capsule Bone ends are covered in articular cartilage (hyaline) to protect the bone, by reducing friction. Functionally: Diarthrodial Structurally: Synovial (These are the most common joint type)

Question 36

What structure surrounds a synovial joint and forms its cavity?

Answer 36

Articular capsule (joint capsule)

Question 37

What is the outer layer of a joint capsule?

Answer 37

Fibrous (joint) capsule

Question 38

What is the inner layer of a joint capsule?

Answer 38

Synovial membrane Produces synovial fluid Protects Nourishes Lubricates

Question 39

How does synovial fluid minimize the strain of loaded movement?

Answer 39

It is slimy/slick

Question 40

How does synovial sheaths minimize the strain of loaded movement?

Answer 40

Contains synovial fluid around the tendon, reduces friction

Question 41

How do fat pads minimize the strain of loaded movement?

Answer 41

They are pads made of fat. Like a cushion.

Question 42

How do cartilage discs minimize the strain of loaded movement?

Answer 42

Fills space in larger joint capsules, guides movement

Question 43

How does the bursa minimize the strain of loaded movement?

Answer 43

Extra bag of fluid (Synovial) disperses pressure

Question 44

What are condyloid joints?

Answer 44

One side has a slight oval protrusion, the other an elliptical recess. Two planes of motion. Ex: pointer finger knuckle

Question 45

What are gliding joints?

Answer 45

The joint is formed by flat or mostly flat surfaces. The two bones then “glide” back and forth. Can have one or two planes of movement. Ex: wrist

Question 46

What are hinge joints?

Answer 46

It looks, (and acts) like a hinge! The protruding condyle fits into a corresponding recess, and it has one plane of motion. Ex: ankle

Question 47

What are ball and socket joints?

Answer 47

One bone has a rounded projection (ball) that fits into a cup-like recess (socket) This arrangement allows the joint to have three planes of movement possible. Ex: knee

Question 48

What are saddle joints?

Answer 48

One bone is convex, the other concave. Kinda looks like two saddles on top of each other. Two planes of motion are possible. Ex:

Question 49

What are pivot joints?

Answer 49

The structure of these joints vary, but they rotate along a central axis. Only one plane of motion.

Question 50

What are the movements of synovial joints?

Answer 50

Angular Motion, Extension, Hyperextension, Flexion, Abduction, Adduction, Circumduction, Rotation- Pronation, Supination