Thorax (skeletal muscles)

Question 1

What structures make up the thoracic cage?

Answer 1

Thoracic vertebrae
Ribs
Sternum

Question 2

What is the anatomical term for the breastbone?

Answer 2

Sternum

Question 3

From superior to inferior, what are the three main parts of the sternum?

Answer 3

Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid process

Question 4

What are the depressions on the sternum for the articulation of the clavicles?

Answer 4

Clavicular notches

Question 5

What is the shallow, superior depression on the sternum?

Answer 5

Suprasternal notch

Question 6

What depressions on the sternum do the ribs articulate with?

Answer 6

Costal notches

Question 7

What palpable feature lies at the articulation of the manubrium and the body of the sternum?

Answer 7

Sternal angle

Question 8

How many ribs are there?

Answer 8

12 pairs

Question 9

What ribs have their costal cartilages directly articulated with the sternum? What are their numbers?

Answer 9

True ribs (1-7)

Question 10

What ribs do not have their costal cartilages directly articulated with the sternum? What are their numbers?

Answer 10

False ribs (8-12)

Question 11

What type of rib has no connection with the sternum? What are their numbers?

Answer 11

Floating ribs (11-12)

Question 12

What part of a rib articulates with the body (bodies) of a vertebra(e)?

Answer 12

Head

Question 13

What part of a rib articulates with the transverse process of a vertebra?

Answer 13

Tubercle

Question 14

What part of a rib lies between the head and tubercle?

Answer 14

Neck

Question 15

Ribs project posterolaterally from the vertebral column. What is the region of a rib where it changes if direction and begins curving toward the sternum?

Answer 15

Angle

Question 16

What is the main part of a rib?

Answer 16

Body/shaft

Question 17

What feature on the inferior side of a rib marks the path of an artery, a vein, and a nerve?

Answer 17

Costal groove

Question 18

What is the structure, function, and an example of sternoclavicular joints?

Answer 18

Structurally: Synovial
Functionally: Diarthrodial
One of three examples of a saddle joint in the body.

Question 19

The joint between the anteriomedial aspect of the ribs and the costal cartilages

Answer 19

Costochondral Joints.
Contain hyaline cartilage
Functionally: Snyarthrodial
Structurally: Cartilagenous

Question 20

Sternocostal Joints

Answer 20

The 1st sternocostal joint is cartilaginous
(The 2nd through 7th are synovial joints)

Question 21

Identify: Pectoralis major

Answer 21

Origin: Clavicular head: Anterior surface of medial half of clavicle
Sternocostal head: Anterior surface of sternum, superior six costal cartilages and aponeurosis of external abdominal oblique
Insertion: Crest of greater tubercle of humerus (Lateral lip of intertubercular groove)
Action: Adducts and medially rotates humerus. Draws shoulder joint anteriorly and inferiorly. Acting alone: Clavicular head flexes humerus and sternocostal head extends it

Question 22

Identify: Pectoralis minor

Answer 22

Origin: Sternal ends of the 3rd, 4th, and 5th ribs
Insertion: Coracoid process of the scapula
Action: Pulls scapula forward and downward

Question 23

Identify: Serratus anterior

Answer 23

Origin: External surfaces of lateral parts of ribs 1-8/9
Insertion: Anterior vertebral border of the scapula
Action: Pulls scapula forward and downward

Question 24

Identify: External Intercostals

Answer 24

Origin - Inferior border of a rib from costal tubercle to end of rib at articulation with costal cartilage.
Insertion - Superior border of rib just inferior to rib of origin

Question 25

Identify: Internal intercostals

Answer 25

Origin - Superior border of a rib from costal angle to sternum. Insertion - Inferior border of rib just superior to rib of origin. Action - Interchondral portion: elevates and draws ribs together during inspiration as needed. Interosseous portion: depresses and draws ribs together during expiration as needed.

Question 26

Identify: Diaphragm

Answer 26

Origin - Xiphoid process, costal cartilages of last six ribs and lumbar vertebrae. Insertion - Central tendon. Action - Pulls central tendon inferiorly.

Question 27

What part of the vertebrate nervous system innervates smooth and cardiac muscle and glandular tissues and governs involuntary, vital functions?

Answer 27

The autonomic nervous system

Question 28

By this definition the ANS is

Answer 28

Purely motor

Question 29

The somatic and autonomic divisions (SNS & ANS) are

Answer 29

functional divisions of the nervous system with components in both the CNS and PNS.

Question 30

If we follow a nerve impulse from the CNS to an effector within the SNS (Somatic), how many motor neurons would be involved?

Answer 30

One

Question 31

If we follow a nerve impulse from the CNS to an effector within the ANS, how many motor neurons would be involved?

Answer 31

Two

Question 32

A motor neuron within the ANS that lies between the CNS and a ganglion is what type of neuron?

Answer 32

Preganglionic neuron

Question 33

A motor neuron within the ANS that lies between a ganglion and an effector is what type of neuron?

Answer 33

Ganglionic neuron

Question 34

What is the axon of a ganglionic neuron within the ANS?

Answer 34

Postganglionic axon

Question 35

What are the two divisions of the ANS?

Answer 35

Parasympathetic and Sympathetic

Question 36

What division of the ANS is primarily concerned with conserving energy and replenishing nutrient stores and has been nicknamed the “rest-and-digest” division?

Answer 36

Parasympathetic

Question 37

What division of the ANS is primarily concerned with preparing the body for emergencies and is often referred to as the “fight-or-flight” division?

Answer 37

Sympathetic

Question 38

What is another term for the parasympathetic division?

Answer 38

Craniosacral division

Question 39

Where are the cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons for the parasympathetic division located?

Answer 39

Brainstem Gray regions of S2-S4 spinal cord segments

Question 40

Where are the ganglia of the parasympathetic division found?

Answer 40

Next to or within the organs they innervate

Question 41

What is another term for the sympathetic division of the ANS?

Answer 41

Thoracolumbar division

Question 42

From what regions of the CNS does the sympathetic division arise?

Answer 42

The lateral horns of the T1-L2 regions of the spinal cord

Question 43

What part of spinal nerves do the preganglionic sympathetic axons travel within as they leave the lateral horn of the spinal cord?

Answer 43

Anterior root

Question 44

What sympathetic ganglia lie on the left and right sides of the vertebral column from T1-L2?

Answer 44

Sympathetic trunk/Paravertebral ganglia

Question 45

What are the connections between the spinal nerves and the sympathetic trunks?

Answer 45

Rami communicates (communicating rami)

Question 46

What structures carry preganglionic sympathetic axons from the T1-L2 spinal nerves to the sympathetic trunk?

Answer 46

White rami communicantes (white rami)

Question 47

What structures carry postganglionic sympathetic axons from the sympathetic trunk to the spinal nerves?

Answer 47

Gray rami communicates (gray rami)

Question 48

What pathway is a postganglionic axon within if it travels through a gray ramus that is at the same level as the ganglionic neuron to innervate blood vessels or arrector pili muscles or sweat glands?

Answer 48

Spinal nerve pathway

Question 49

What pathway is a postganglionic axon within if the preganglionic neuron synapses with a ganglionic neuron in a sympathetic trunk ganglion, but the postganglionic axon DOES NOT leave the trunk via a gray ramus, but instead the postganglionic axon extends away from the sympathetic trunk ganglion and goes directly to the effector organ?

Answer 49

Postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway