bone and joints

Question 1

synarthroses

Answer 1

an immovably fixed joint between bones connected by fibrous tissue

Question 2

diarthrosis

Answer 2

synovial joint, more mobile joint with fluid and cartilage

Question 3

synotosis

Answer 3

Bone, no movement for example mature skull

Question 4

synchondrosis

Answer 4

cartilage, growth plate

Question 5

symphysis

Answer 5

fibrocartilage joining, early pelvic

Question 6

syndesmosis

Answer 6

fibrous joining for example early skull

Question 7

ginglymus

Answer 7

hinge joint, only allow movement in one axis

Question 8

trochoid

Answer 8

pivot joint, only allow movement in one axis

Question 9

saddle/sellar

Answer 9

joint that moves in 2 axes for example Interphalangeal

Question 10

ellipsoidal

Answer 10

moves in two axes

Question 11

enarthrosis

Answer 11

ball and socket joint, can move in three axes

Question 12

planar

Answer 12

sliding joint, only has translational movement not rotation

Question 13

synovial membrane

Answer 13

glistening pink membrane that lines synovial joints

Question 14

type A synoviocytes

Answer 14

phagocytic cells

Question 15

type B synoviocytes

Answer 15

secretory cells

Question 16

synovial fluid

Answer 16

secreted by plasma, made up of plasma, ultra-filtrate and hyaluronate

Question 17

synovial fluid function

Answer 17

lubricant and nutritive

Question 18

articular cartilage

Answer 18

arcade arrangement of collagen -tangential fibres superficially and perpendicular fibres deeper. no blood vessels and nerves fed by diffusion

Question 19

proteoglycans

Answer 19

sugar side chains retain. water and resist compression, squeeze the sides and water seeps into the joint space
GAGs have a negative charge they repel each other and attract water

Question 20

fibrous capsule

Answer 20

attaches to the periosteum, continuous with articular cartilage, supports. joints

Question 21

discs

Answer 21

fibrocartilage ingrowth from the capsule, completely splits the joint in half eg jaw

Question 22

menisci

Answer 22

fibrocartilage ingrowth from the capsule, incomplete doesn’t completely split in half eg stifle

Question 23

labrum

Answer 23

fibrocartilaginous extension of joint surface eg in the hip socket

Question 24

fat pads

Answer 24

lie between the synovial membrane and capsule

Question 25

bursae

Answer 25

small synovial spaces between bones and something else eg tendon

Question 26

osteochondrosis

Answer 26

disordered ossification of the endplate

Question 27

osteoblasts

Answer 27

uninucleate, long lived cells that synthesise bone

Question 28

osteocytes

Answer 28

uninucleate, long lived bone cells that are formed when an osteoblast becomes embedded in material it has secreted

Question 29

osteoclasts

Answer 29

breaks down bone, myeloid blood cell derived multinucleate cells

Question 30

bone formation/destruction control

Answer 30

controlled hormonally by PTH, calcitonin and. vitamin D

Question 31

osteons

Answer 31

parallel. cylinders in compact bone which arise form constant remodelling

Question 32

Haversian canal

Answer 32

carries vessels and nerves and connects to marrow cavity

Question 33

lacuna

Answer 33

contains a resting osteocyte

Question 34

compact long bone structure

Answer 34

each osteon is made up of concentric cylinders of matrix interspersed with lacunae each lacuna contains a resting osteocyte the lacunae are stellate with canaliculi permitting bone, containing cytoplasmic processes?/

Question 35

cancellous bone

Answer 35

spongy, porous bone tissue, filled with red marrow.

Question 36

red marrow

Answer 36

haemopoietic

Question 37

yellow marrow

Answer 37

adipose tissue

Question 38

pneumatised bone

Answer 38

contains many hollow cells of air, found in birds

Question 39

periosteum function

Answer 39

1. major role in bone formation 2. tendons, ligaments and joint capsules attach to it, not directly to bone 3. carries blood vessels and nerves 4. major role in bone repair, important post fracture

Question 40

membrane bone

Answer 40

cancellous bone and marrow sandwiched between two layers of compact bone and periosteum

Question 41

cartilage

Answer 41

firm extracellular chondrin matrix, laid down by chondroblasts

Question 42

hyaline skeletal cartilage

Answer 42

simples, may mineralise in old age - upper respiratory tract

Question 43

elastic skeletal cartilage

Answer 43

contains elastic fibres too - external ear and upper respiratory tract

Question 44

fibrocartilage skeletal

Answer 44

alternating layers of hyaline cartilage and collagen - intervertebral discs, symphysis, discs, menisci etc

Question 45

articular cartilage

Answer 45

complex, partly fibrous/partly hyaline