Bone And Soft Tissue

Question 1

Joints

Answer 1

A point where 2 separate bones meet

Question 2

MSk system is made up of what

Answer 2

Bone
Muscle
Connective tissue ( tendon , ligaments, cartilage)

Question 3

How many bones in adults

Answer 3

206 and sesamoids

Question 4

How many bones in children

Answer 4

270

Question 5

Appendicular Skelton

Answer 5

Pectoral girdle
Upper and lower limbs
Pelvic girdle

Question 6

Axial skeleton

Answer 6

Cranium
Vertebral column
Rib cage

Question 7

Functions of skeleton

Answer 7

Support
Protect vital organs
Movement - works with muscles
Mineral storage ( stores calcium and phosphate)
Produces blood cells ( bone marrow)

Question 8

How do flat bones develop 8n uterine

Answer 8

Intramembranous ossification

Question 9

How do long bones develop in utero

Answer 9

Endochondral ossification

Question 10

Flat bones

Answer 10

Skull
Clavicle
Mandible

Question 11

Process of untramembranous ossification ( mesenchymal to bone )

Answer 11

Mesenchymal cells condense
Osteogenesic precursor cells prolif
Precursor cells differentiate into osteoblasts
Osteoblasts form ossification centres and begin to secrete Osteoid
( trapped osteoblasts become osteocytes)

Osteoid become mineralised
Trabecular matrix and periosteum forms
Compact bone develops superficial to cancellous bone
Crowded blood vessels condense into red bone marrow

Question 12

Endochondral ossification

Answer 12

Mesenchymal cells aggregate
Formation of cartilage model
Bone collar and primary ossification centre in diaphysis develop
Fuormation of marrow cavity
Epiphyseal cartilage comenses ossification
Ossification of lower epiphyseal plate commences
Disappearance of epiphyseal cartilage - cessation of bone growth

Question 13

Which form on embryo logical bone growth takes longer

Answer 13

Endochondral

Question 14

What are bones made up of

Answer 14

Cells and matrix

Question 15

Bone cells

Answer 15

Osteogenic
Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
Osteocytes

Question 16

Osteogenic

Answer 16

Bone stem cell

Found in deep layers of periosteum ( outer part of bone)

Question 17

Osteoblasts

Answer 17

Bone forming
Secrets Osteoid
Catalyse mineralisation of Osteoid

Growing portions of bone , including periosteum and endosteum

Question 18

Osteoclast

Answer 18

Bone breaking
Dissolve and resorb bone by phagocytosis
Found at bone surfaces and at sites of old , injured or unneeded bone

Question 19

Osteocytes

Answer 19

Mature bone cell
Formed when an osteoblasts becomes imbedded in the secretions
Sense mechanical strain to direct osteoclast and osteoblasts activity

Found in matrix

Question 20

Which type of bone cell forms the majority of bone

Answer 20

Osteocyte

Question 21

Bone matrix contents

Answer 21

Organic ( type 1 collagen and ground substance )

Inorganic ( calcium hydroxyapatite and osteocalcium phosphate)

Question 22

What does ground substance made up off

Answer 22

Proteiglycans
Glycoproteins
Cytokines and growth factors

Question 23

Two types of mature bone

Answer 23

Cortical

Cancellous

Question 24

Cortical bone

Answer 24

Compact and dense

Suitable for weight bearing - normally on outside

Question 25

Cancellous

Answer 25

Spongy like honeycomb structure and not suitable for weight baring - has lots of air Normally found on inside of bone

Question 26

Osteon

Answer 26

A compact/ cortical bone contains Osteoid

Question 27

Structure of osteon

Answer 27

Few spaces Provides protection , support and resists stresses produced by weight of movement Concentric lamellae around the Haversian canal

Question 28

Haversian canal

Answer 28

Contains blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic

Question 29

Lacunae

Answer 29

Small spaces containing osteocytes Tiny vanalicullitqdiqte from lacunae filled with extra cellular fluid Folks and canal - transverse perforating canals

Question 30

Two types of bone growth

Answer 30

Interstitial | Appositional

Question 31

Interstitial growth

Answer 31

Growth of long bones | Increased length

Question 32

Appositional growth

Answer 32

Healing bones after fracture | Increase thickness and diameter

Question 33

Interstitial growth

Answer 33

Happens at physeal plate Zone of elongation in lone bone Contains hyaline cartilage Epiphyseal side- hyaline cartilage active and dividing to form hyaline cartilage matrix Diaphyseal side - cartilage calcifies and dies and then replaced by bone

Question 34

Appositional growth

Answer 34

Deposition of bone beneath the periosteum to increase thickness 1) ridges in periosteum create groove for periosteal blood vessels 2) periosteal ridges fuse, forming an endosteum lined tunnel 3) osteoblasts in endosteum build new concentric lamellae inward toward center of tunnel forming a new osteon Bone grows outwards as osteoblasts in periosteum build new circumferential lamellae Osteon formation repeats as new periosteal ridges fold over blood vessel

Question 35

Fibrous joints

Answer 35

Sutures Syndrsmosis Interosseaous membrane

Question 36

Cartiag8nous joints

Answer 36

Synchondroses e.f. Spine | Symphses eg. Pubic

Question 37

Synovial joints

Answer 37

``` Plane Hinge Condyloid Pivot Saddle Ball and socket ```

Question 38

Ball and socket joints

Answer 38

Multi axphyseal joint as the bone can move in all 3 planes , x , y and z Synovial

Question 39

Hinge joint

Answer 39

Joint only moves in one plane - e.g. elbow | Synovial

Question 40

Knee joint

Answer 40

Modified hinge joint Primary movement is flex ion and extension but can ,I’ve in other planes like callus and varies and external rotation Synovial

Question 41

Why is the knee a synovial joint

Answer 41

Does have cartilage but cartilage is incomplete and doesn’t produce the junction in between bones and just reduces pressure between bones by increasing SA

Question 42

Synovial joints

Answer 42

Most common Most mobile ``` Joint capsule ; articulated capsule ( outer) keeps bones together structurally Synovial membrane ( inner) contains synovial fluid which reduces friction during movement ```

Question 43

How are synovial joints stabilised

Answer 43

Muscles/tendons Ligaments Bone surface congruity

Question 44

Ligaments and joint stability

Answer 44

Ligaments prevent excessive moveemnt that could damage joint More ligament and together ligaments - greater stability but less mobility Less ligaments and laxer ligaments - greater mobility and less stability

Question 45

Rotator cuff muscles

Answer 45

Supraspinators Infraspinatos Sub scapular is Teres minor