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Human Osteology > Bone Biology > Flashcards

Bone Biology Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

morphology

A

the shape of the bone as a whole

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2
Q

ontogeny

A

growth & development; one of the four main factors that leads to variation

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2
Q

moderate sexual dimorphism

A

sex of the individual; one of the four main factors that leads to variation

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3
Q

geographic/population-based

A

where the individual may come from; one of the four main factors that leads to variation

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4
Q

individual/idiosyncratic

A

variation between individuals; one of the four main factors that leads to variation

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5
Q

ligaments

A

cords, bands, or sheets of collagenous bundles between bones

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6
Q

cartilage

A

tough, dense but elastic connective tissue

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7
Q

tendons

A

closely packed parallel bundles of collagen fibers

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8
Q

synovial joints

A

freely moving joins

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9
Q

examples of synovial joints

A

hips, elbows, knees, & thumbs

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10
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

a slick cartilage that coats the surface of bones during life

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11
Q

joint cavity

A

the area between the bones in a joint

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12
Q

synovial fluid

A

secretion from membrane found in joints

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13
Q

joint capsule

A

a sac made of connective tissue & reinforced by ligaments that confines the synovial fluid

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14
Q

articular surfaces

A

shapes in the edges of bones engaged in a joint; movement is controlled/limited by their shape

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15
Q

spheroidal/ball-and-socket joint

A

allows movement in many directions

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16
Q

example of a spheroidal joint

A

hips

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17
Q

hinge joint

A

movement is limited mostly to one plane

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18
Q

example of a spheroidal joint

A

knees

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19
Q

saddle-shaped/sellar joint

A

allows movement in two basic directions

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20
Q

example of sellar joint

A

thumbs

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21
Q

planar joint

A

allows two bones to slide across each other

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22
Q

example of planar joints

A

wrists & arches of the foot

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23
Q

synchondroses

A

cartilaginous joints/bones that are jointed by cartilage

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24
symphysis
a variety of cartilaginous joints where the fibrocartilage is covered by a thin layer of hyaline cartilage
25
syndesmoses
tight, inflexible fibrous joints
26
origin of a joint
the site that stays relatively stable during contraction of the muscle; for appendages it is usually whichever attachment is closest to the trunk of the body
27
insertion of a joint
the site that is moved by the muscle contraction
28
extension
straightening, extending outward (movement of the muscle)
29
flexion
bending, pulling inward (movement of the muscle)
30
compact/cortical bone
solid, dense bone found in the walls of bone shafts and on external bone surfaces
31
subchondral bone
compact bone covered by cartilage
32
spongy bone
porous, lightweight bone with a honeycomb-like structure
33
cancellous/trabecular bone
named after the thin, bony structures that form it
34
trabeculae
thin, bony, crystalline structures
35
red marrow
produces red and white blood cells and platelets; found in areas of trabecular bone
36
hematopoietic tissue
blood-forming tissue
37
yellow marrow
reserves of fat cells, found in the shaft of tubular bones
38
medullary cavity
the hollow inside the shaft of tubular bones, surrounded by compact bone
39
epiphyses
ends of long bones; secondary ossification centers
40
examples of long bones
femur, tibia, fibia
41
examples of short bones
metacarpals
42
examples of irregular bones
bones of the wrists
43
examples of flat bones
cranium, ribs
44
diaphysis
long part of the bone; the primary ossification center
45
metaphyses
flared ends of the shaft
46
periosteum
thin tissue covering the outer surface of bones during life that nourishes the bone
47
endosteum
cellular membrane lining the inner surface of the bone
48
osteogenic tissues
tissues that contain bone-forming cells (like the periosteum and endosteum)
49
collagen
90% of the organic content in bone
50
hydroxyapatite
mineral that strengthens the collagen in bone
51
histology
the study of tissues at a microscopic level
52
immature bone/coarsely-bundled bone/woven bone
the first kind of bone to develop prenatally that is coarse and fibrous in microscopic appearance with bundles of unorganized collagen fibers
53
mature bone/lamelar bone
organized, orderly structure of repeating uniform lamellae that replaces woven bone
54
haversian systems
found in compact bone aka secondary osteon
55
haversian canal
core through which blood, lymph, & nerve fibers pass
56
Volkmann's canals
network that supplies blood and lymph to long bones
57
lacunae
small cavities in each lamella that contain osteocytes
58
osteocyte
a living bone cell
59
canaliculi
fluid-filled channels that radiate from the haversian canal to lacurae or from one lacura to another, that transport nutrients to cells
60
osteoblasts
bone-forming cells responsible for synthesizing and depositing bone material beneath the periosteum
61
osteoid
pre-bone tissue
62
osteoclasts
cells responsible for the resorption of bone tissue
63
osteogenesis/ossification
bone development
64
intramembranous ossification
a bone developing within an embryonic connective tissue membrane
65
endrochondral ossification
a bone develops after cartilage model
66
nutrient foramen
initial penetration of bone by a blood vessel
67
perichondrium
a thin membrane surrounding the cartilage model
68
appositional growth
the back and forth between osteoblasts and osteocytes
69
growth plate/epiphyseal plate
cartilaginous center between the ends of bones, responsible for the formation of length
70
callus
fibrous connective tissue that forms over the torn periosteum during a fracture
71
primary bony callus
woven bone mineralized by osteoblasts at the site of a fracture

Human Osteology (2 decks)

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