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Anatomy and Physiology > Bone Tissue Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Bone Tissue Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

6 Main Functions of Bone

A
  1. Support
  2. Protection
  3. Assisstance in movement
  4. Mineral Homeostasis
  5. Blood cell production
  6. Storage of triglycerides
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2
Q

Bone Structure: Diaphysis

Description, Example

A

Description:
* Main bone shaft, long, tubular,
* Predominantly made of compact bone
* Houses yellow bone marrow.

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3
Q

Bone Structure: Epiphysis

Description, Example

A

Description:
* Epiphysis: Ends of bones
* Filled with cancellous/spongy bone
* Houses red marrow
* Projections/fossae for articulations.

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4
Q

Bone Structure: Metaphysis

Description, Example

A

Description:
* Portion between diaphysis and epiphysis
* Weakest portion of bone,
* Contains epiphyseal plate which becomes epiphyseal line.

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5
Q

Bone Structure: Medullary (marrow) Cavity

Description, Example

A

Description:
* Hollow cavity in the diaphysis
* Contains yellow bone marrow and numerous blood vessels
* Lined with endosteum.

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6
Q

Bone Structure: Endosteum

Description, Example

A

Description:
* Layer of dense irregular connective tissue that lines the medullary cavity and internal spaces of spongy bone.

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7
Q

Bone Structure: Periosteum

Description, Example

A

Description:

  • “Skin” surrounding bones,
  • Made of fibrous and cellular layers.
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8
Q

Bone Structure: Articular (hyaline) cartilage

Description, Example

A

Description:

  • Cartilaginous tissue at the ends of bones (covers epiphysis),
  • Reduces friction and allows movement at articulations.
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9
Q

Bone Histology: Extracellular Matrix of Bone

Description, Example

A

Description:
* Organic component of ECM, including collagen fibers and crystallized mineral salts.

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10
Q

Bone Histology: Ground Substance

Description, Example

A

Description:
* Inorganic component of ECM, mainly calcium phosphate,
* Provides strength to bone.

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11
Q

Bone Histology: Hydroxyapatite

Description, Example

A

Description:
* Formed by the interaction of calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide,
* Providing the structural rigidity of bone.

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12
Q

Bone Histology: Osteoprogenitor (osteogenic) Cells

Description, Example

A

Description:

  • Unsophisticated stem cells derived from mesenchyme tissue
  • Capable of mitosis
  • Develop into osteoblasts.
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13
Q

Osteoblasts

Description, Example

A

Description:
* Bone-building cells,
* Secrete collagen and bone matrix proteins to form osteoid
* Initiate calcification.

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14
Q

Bone Histology: Osteocytes

Description, Example

A

Description:

  • Mature bone cells that maintain and monitor metabolic activities
  • Connected by canaliculi and occupy lacunae.
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15
Q

Bone Histology: Osteoclasts

Description, Examples

A

Description:

  • Bone cells that break down bone tissue in a process called resorption.
  • Taking calcium from the bone into the bloodstream.
  • Found on the bone surface, and active osteoclasts are located in Howship’s lacunae.
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16
Q

Types of Bone Tissue: Compact Bone

Description, Example

A

Description:

  • Hard and dense bone tissue, with little or no spaces between cells
  • Strongest form of bone
17
Q

Types of Bone Tissue: Compact Bone
Osteons

Description, Example

A

Description:

  • Individual structural units of compact bone,
  • Consisting of concentric lamellae surrounding a Haversian canal.
18
Q

Types of Bone Tissue: Compact Bone
Interstitial Lamellae

Description, Example

A

Description:
Lamellae located between osteons, filling spaces not occupied by osteons.

19
Q

Types of Bone Tissue: Compact Bone
Circumferential Lamellae

Description, Example

A

Description: Lamellae surrounding the medullary cavity or lying underneath the periosteum.

20
Q

Types of Bone Tissue: Compact Bone
Haversian (Central) Canals

Description, Example

A

Description:

  • Parallel canals running longitudinally along the bone shaft
  • Conducting blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves.
    .
21
Q

Types of Bone Tissue: Compact Bone
Volkmann’s Canals

Description, Example

A

Description:

  • Perpendicular canals running superficial to deep
  • Conducting blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves through the periosteum.
22
Q

Types of Bone Tissue: Compact Bone
Lacunae

Description, Example

A

Description: Small spaces within lamellae containing osteocytes.

23
Q

Types of Bone Tissue: Compact Bone
Canaliculi

Description, Example

A

Description:

  • Small channels radiating in all directions from each lacuna
  • Filled with fluid and osteocyte filopodia.
24
Q

Types of Bone Tissue: Spongy Bone

Description, Example

A

Description:

  • Also known as trabecular or cancellous bone,
  • Lacks osteons
  • Appears spongy due to a lattice and irregular pattern of bone tissue distribution.
25
Q

Types of Bone Tissue: Spongy Bone
Blood Supply

Description, Example

A

Description:

  • Spongy bone has a greater blood supply than compact bone,
  • Producing red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
26
Q

Types of Bone Tissue: Spongy Bone
Distribution in Bones

Description, Example

A

Description:

  • In long bones, spongy bone is concentrated in the epiphysis,
  • In flat bones, it predominates the inner structure.
27
Q

Types of Bone Tissue: Spongy Bone
Trabeculae

Description, Example

A

Description: The lamellae of spongy bone are arranged into small struts or beams, resembling a “coral reef” appearance.

28
Q

Bone Formation: Ossification/Osteogenesis

Description, Example

A

Description: The process of bone formation begins during the 6th week of embryonic development.

29
Q

Bone Formation: Endochondral Ossification

Description, Example

A

Description: processwhere initial skeleton of the embryo is made of hyaline cartilage, which is replaced by bone.

Hyaline cartilage into bone

30
Q

Bone Formation: Intramembranous Ossification

A

Description:

  • Involves the replacement of sheet-like connective tissue membranes with bony tissue.
  • Stem cells become osteoblasts in connective tissue, forming dermal/membrane bones.
31
Q

Primary/Secondary Ossicication Centers

A

Primary Ossification Centers: Appear during prenatal development in the central part of each developing bone.
Secondary Ossification Centers: Develop in the epiphyseal region after birth.

32
Q

Intramembranous Ossification:

A

Dermal/Membrane Bone Formation:

Stem cells become osteoblasts in connective tissue, forming dermal/membrane bones.

33
Q

Growth in length (interstitial growth)
Epiphyseal plate

A
  • Hyaline cartilage in metaphysis becomes site for new bone.
  • After maturity, it turns into epiphyseal line.
34
Q

Interstitial growth

Resting Cartilage Zone

A
  • Nearest to epiphysis
  • Small chondrocytes anchor plate to epiphysis
35
Q

Interstitial Growth

Proliferating Cartilage Zone

A
  • Large chondroblasts replicate and divide
  • Appears like stacks of coins
36
Q

Interstitial Growth

Hypertrophic Cartilage Zone

A

Large, mature chondrocytes in columns

37
Q

Interstitial Growth

Calcified Cartilage Zone

A
  • Mostly dead chondrocytes; area calcified
  • Osteoblasts invade to lay down new matrix; diaphysis conversion
  • Growth in length (interstitial growth)
38
Q

Growth in thickness (appositional growth)

A
  • Osteogenic cells differentiate into osteoblasts under the periosteum to add bone matrix
  • Osteoclasts remove matrix at inner surface to enlarge medullary cavity

Anatomy and Physiology (21 decks)

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