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Anatomy and Physiology > Tissue Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Tissue Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Exocrine Glands

Definition, Examples

A

Definition: Glands that release secretions into ducts or onto the surface of epithelium.
Examples: Sweat glands, sebaceous glands, lacrimal glands, pancreatic acinar cells.

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2
Q

Endocrine Glands

Definition, Examples

A

Definition: Glands that release secretions directly into the bloodstream.
Examples: Testes, ovaries, pancreas, pituitary gland.

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3
Q

Merocrine Glands

Definition, Examples

A

Definition: Exocrine glands where secretions are released via vesicles through exocytosis.
Examples: Pancreatic cells, salivary glands.

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4
Q

Apocrine Glands

Definition, Examples

A

Definition: Exocrine glands where secretions accumulate on apical surfaces and are released by pinching off a portion of the cell.
Examples: Apocrine sweat glands, mammary glands, ceruminous glands.

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5
Q

Holocrine Glands

Definition, Example

A

Definition: Exocrine glands where secretions accumulate in the cytosol and the entire cell dies, acting as a secretory vesicle.
Example: Sebaceous glands.

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6
Q

General CT Terms

Blasts, Chondroblasts, Osteoblasts, Fibroblast, Cytes

A

Blasts: immature cells that can replicate
Chondroblasts: cells that result in cartilage
Osteoblasts: cells that result in bone
Fibroblast: cells that produce ECM
Cytes: mature cells (chondrocytes, osteocytes, fibrocytes, etc.)

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7
Q

Structure of Connective Tissue

A
  • Specialized cells
  • Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
    Two components of ECM:
    Extracellular protein fibers
    Fluid called ground substance
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8
Q

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

A
  • Matrix = Substance surrounding cells including solutes that ‘fill’ space
    Made up of:
    Ground substance
    Fibers (collagen, elastin, reticular)
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9
Q

ECM - Ground Substance

A
  • Fills space between cells and fibers
  • Serves as support and binding for cells
    Consists mainly of:
  • Water (H2O)
  • Polysaccharides (GAGs)
  • Proteins
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10
Q

ECM - GAGs

Glycosaminoglycans

A
  • Long, linear polysaccharides with repeating units
  • Contains amino groups
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11
Q

ECM - Fibers (3 types)

A
  • Provide strength, structure, and movement to tissue
    Three types found in ECM:
    Collagen
    Elastic
    Reticular
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12
Q

ECM - Collagen Fibers

A
  • Made up of collagen protein
  • Provides majority of strength and stability to cartilage, tendons, and ligaments (appears white)
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13
Q

ECM - Elastic Fibers

A
  • Made up of elastin and fibrillin protein
  • Allows elasticity of fibers (up to 150% of original length)
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14
Q

ECM - Reticular Fibers

A
  • Made up of collagen but thinner and more widespread forming a network
  • Aids in support and strength
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15
Q

ECM - Reticular Fibers (Stroma)

A
  • Forms stroma (“bed or covering”) of some organs
  • Supportive framework of organs, especially solid organs
  • Examples: spleen, kidney, liver
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16
Q

Types of Connective Tissue Cells

Fibroblast

A
  • Most numerous connective tissue cell
  • Creates and releases fibers
  • Produces ground substance
17
Q

Types of Connective Tissue Cells

Macrophage

A
  • Involved in inflammatory & immune responses
  • Phagocytizes pathogens (like Pac-Man)
18
Q

Types of Connective Tissue Cells

Plasma Cell

A
  • Develops from B-lymphocytes
  • Involved in immune responses
  • Produces antibodies
19
Q

Types of Connective Tissue Cells

Mast Cell

A
  • Involved in inflammatory response
  • Produces histamine, which causes vasodilation in blood vessels but constriction of bronchioles in the lungs
20
Q

Types of Connective Tissue Cells

Adipocyte

A

‘Fat cells’ that store lipid compounds

21
Q

Types of Connective Tissue Cells

White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)

A

Involved in allergic, inflammatory, & immune responses

22
Q

Embryonic CT

Mesenchyme, Mucous

A

Mesenchyme:
Tissue where all connective tissue arises.
Has stem cell capabilities.
Mucous:
Tissue in the umbilicus, precursor stem cells.

23
Q

Connective Tissue Proper - Loose CT

Connective Tissue Proper - Loose CT

Areolar, Adipose, Reticular

A

Areolar CT: Most common type, provides strength and support.
Adipose Tissue: Mainly adipocytes, stores fat, temperature regulation.
Reticular CT: Reticular fibers, structural support in internal organs.

24
Q

Dense Regular CT

Description, Function, Location

A

Description: Collagen fibers in a regular pattern, tightly packed and parallel.
Function: Provides strong linear strength.
Location: Found in tendons and ligaments.

25
Q

Dense Irregular CT

Description, Function, Location

A

Description: Collagen fibers in an irregular pattern, disorganized.
Function: Provides strength to tissues, resistance to shearing in all directions.
Location: Found in the dermis, heart valves, sheaths, periosteum (skin for bones).

26
Q

Elastic CT

Description, Function, Location

A

Description: Dominated by elastic fibers, yellow appearance.
Function: Allows for stretch and elasticity.
Location: Found in large blood vessels, lungs.

27
Q

Cartilage

Description, Function, Major Types (3)

A

Description: Consists of a dense network of collagen & elastin embedded in chondroitin sulphate, firm gel.
Function:Endures high stress without losing shape, only one cell type (chondrocytes), avascular.
Major Types:
Hyaline Cartilage: Most abundant, found in ribs, sternum, articulations, nasal septum, and respiratory passageways.
Fibrocartilage:Strongest, resists compression, found in joints (meniscus), pubic symphysis, and intervertebral discs.
Elastic Cartilage: Mostly elastin, stretchable, found in ears and epiglottis.

28
Q

Bone

Description, Function

A

Description:Makes up the skeletal system, bone cells, red and yellow bone marrow, minerals.
Function: Structural support, protection, somewhat flexible, resistant to shattering.

29
Q

Fluid Connective Tissue

Description, Types (2)

A

Description: Aqueous matrix with suspended proteins, contains no insoluble fibers.
Types:
Blood: Found in vessels, plasma matrix, RBCs, WBCs, platelets.
Lymph: Collected from interstitial fluid, lymphocytes, returns to blood, maintains solute levels, alerts immune system.

Anatomy and Physiology (21 decks)

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