Bones

Question 1

The bone is made up of

Answer 1

A matrux and cellular components.

Question 2

What are the two matrix components of the bone?

Answer 2

Minerals: Calcium, phosphate and magnesium

Organic compounds: Type I collagen

Question 3

The cellular portion of the bone is made up of what three cells?

Answer 3

Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
Osteocytes

Question 4

What are the functions of the bone?

Answer 4

Mechanical
Protective
Metabolic

Question 5

The cortical bone perfeorms what functions of the bone?

Answer 5

Mechanical and protective

Question 6

What type of bone performs the metabolic function?

Answer 6

Trabecular bone

Question 7

What does the mechanical function of the bone consist of?

Answer 7

The bones serve as levers for skeletal muscle movement. Our tendons attach muscle to the the bones to move our extremities

Question 8

What does the protective function of the bone consist of?

Answer 8

The bones provide a rigid framework for structure. This protects vulnerable organs from injury.

Question 9

What dies the metabolic function of the bone concist of?

Answer 9

The bone contains hematopoietic tissue in its marrow which serves as reservoir for minerals like calcium and phosphate

Question 10

Bone turnover happens continuously at regions called

Answer 10

Remodeling units

Question 11

What is the role of osteoclasts?

Answer 11

They resorb old bone by digesting organic matrix, releasing minerals into the blood.

Question 12

What is the role of osteoblasts?

Answer 12

They form new bone by synthesizing the organic matrix, especialky type I collagen, depositing minerals to solidify new matrix

Question 13

Turnover rates are affected by

Answer 13

Calcium, phosphate and magnesium metabolism, and hormones like pth and Vitamin D

Question 14

Bone disease can be a product of what three issues?

Answer 14

Disorders of hormones and mineral metabolism
Metabolic bone disease
Idiopathic

Question 15

List the metabolic bone diseases.

Answer 15

Osteoporosis 
Osteomalacia
Ricket’s
Renal osteodystrophy
Scurvy

Question 16

What us the most common metabolic bone disease?

Answer 16

Osteoporosis

Question 17

What is osteoporosis?

Answer 17

This is a metabolic bone disease inwhich there is decease in total bone mass andd density

Question 18

What auses osteoporosis?

Answer 18

Aging

Endocrine issues

Question 19

What is osteoporosis caused by old age called?

Answer 19

Senile osteoporosis

Question 20

Why does aging cause osteoporosis in humans?

Answer 20

Theres decreased osteoblast activity with age.

Question 21

In this condition, osteoclast activity exceeds osteoblast activity which causes low bone mass and density

Answer 21

Osteoporosis

Question 22

How do endocrine issues cause osteoporosis?

Answer 22

Decreased estrogen

Question 23

What are the symptoms of osteoporosis?

Answer 23

Bone fracture
Loss of teeth
Compression fractures in vertebrae

Question 24

What are the two suntypes of osteomalacia?

Answer 24

Ricket’s

Renal osteodystrophy

Question 25

This is an adukt disorder of mineralization during bone formation caused by inadequate calcification of matrux resukting in bone softening

Answer 25

Osteomalacia

Question 26

There is an increase of what substance in osteomalacia?

Answer 26

Increased unmineralized osteoid (collagen)

Question 27

Increased osteoblast activity in osteommalacia results in increase of what enzyme iptrying to compensate?

Answer 27

ALP

Question 28

What are the causes of osteomalacia?

Answer 28

Vitamin D deficiency Hypophosphatemia Kidney disease/failure

Question 29

What us the most commone cause of osteomalacia worldwide?

Answer 29

Vitamin D deficiency

Question 30

What are the symptoms of osteomalacia in adults?

Answer 30

Severe bone pain Skeletal fractions Soft bone due to lack of mineralization

Question 31

What is ricket’s?

Answer 31

Child disorder of mineralization defect

Question 32

What causes Ricket’s?

Answer 32

Lack of active vitamin D or vitamin D resitance | Calcium or phosphate deficiency

Question 33

A 1 month okd babt who is still breastfed and does not receive adequate sunkights is at hugh risk of what disease?

Answer 33

Risket’s

Question 34

What enzyme deficiency in the kidneys leads to no active vitamine D production?

Answer 34

1-a-hydroxylase

Question 35

Although vitamin D levels are normal in some patients with osteomalacia, what vitamin D associated condition may cause the disease?

Answer 35

Vitamin D resistance due to defect in receptor

Question 36

What is renal osteodystrophy?

Answer 36

This is a chronic renal failure associated wuth complex bone abnormalities and mineral issues

Question 37

In ROm decreased active vitamin D from kidmey failure causes

Answer 37

Hypocalcemia which induces PTH release.

Question 38

What condition is an effect from overeactive PTH from lack of vitamin D?

Answer 38

Osteomalacia

Question 39

What is scurvy?

Answer 39

Inadequate collagen synthesis due to lack of vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

Question 40

What vitamin is needed for the sysnthesjs of collagen?

Answer 40

Vitamin C

Question 41

What are the symptoms of scurvy?

Answer 41

Fractures Bleeding gums and vessels Loss of teeth

Question 42

What us a ither name for Paget’s disease?

Answer 42

Osteitis deformans

Question 43

Whats us the one idopathic bine disease?

Answer 43

Paget’s

Question 44

What is paget’s disease?

Answer 44

Thus is bone resorption followed by chaotic replacement of bone architecture

Question 45

Paget’s disease usually sees hugh levels of what enzyme?

Answer 45

ALP

Question 46

List the symptoms of PD

Answer 46

``` Arthritis Bone pain Nerve compression in vertebral column Closure of ear canal in inner ear Deafness ```

Question 47

What are analyzed first in the lab to determine bine disease?

Answer 47

Minerals. If abnormal, hormones are analyzed

Question 48

What is the use of biochemical marlers of bone formation of resorption?

Answer 48

``` Monitoring therapy Selection of patients appropriate for therapy Prediction of bone loss Prediction of bone fracture risk Monitoring bone cancer ```

Question 49

What are the markers of bone formation?

Answer 49

PINP/PICP ALP Osteocalcin

Question 50

What is the most sensitive marker of bone formation?

Answer 50

PINP

Question 51

What are the markers of bone resorption?

Answer 51

NTx CTx DPD/PYD TRAP/TRACP

Question 52

What market is hughly specific for bone resorption?

Answer 52

NTx

Question 53

Why should Creatine and BUn be measured with bone urinary markers?

Answer 53

Because urine markers can show fakse resukrs if kidney issues are present

Question 54

These proteins serve to stabilize collagen diring its synthesis?

Answer 54

DPDPYD

Question 55

This marker reflects osteoclasts number and activity

Answer 55

TRAP